Spatial and temporal projected distribution of four crop plants in Egypt

This study focuses on the management of the local agroecosystems in order to adapt planting or sowing practices for the projected climate change scenarios. It is projected that there will be increased air temperature throughout all four seasons in the coming 100 years, from the southern towards the northern parts of Egypt. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of that increased air temperature on the spatial and temporal distribution of four of the major economic crops in Egypt. The study species are cotton (Gossypium barbadense L., cv. Giza 89), wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Gemiza 9), rice (Oryza stiva L., cv. Sakha 101) and maize (Zea mays L., cv. Hybrid 10). Optimum air temperature allowing maximum growth for each of the study crop cultivars and the current and projected air temperature patterns in the future years were used for projection of the seasonal and crop distribution maps in the years 2005, 2025, 2050, 2075 and 2100. Results showed that sowing dates of a target crop may be managed in order to allow maximum predicted planting area in the same region. The current maximum area suitable for planting the Cotton crop in Egypt (104 thousand Fadden/year; one Fadden = 0.96 hectare or 0.42 acre) showed few variations over the coming hundred years. In this case, the sowing dates should be changed from the hotter months (February to April) to the cooler months (January to February). Alternatively, a great reduction in the area planted by Wheat crop was predicted in the coming 100 years. Despite the early planting, a reduction of about 147 thousand Fadden/year was projected by the year 2075. On the other hand, with earlier sowing dates, the maximum areas that are planted by Rice and Maize may not be greatly affected by the projected increase in air temperature.     

The Potential of Soil Carbon Sequestration Through Improved Management Practices in Norway

The study was conducted to assess the potential of Norwegian agricultural ecosystems to sequester carbon (C) based on the data from some long-term agronomic and land use experiments. The total emission of CO₂ in Norway in 1998 was 41.4 million metric ton (MMT), of which agriculture contributed only 0.157 MMT, or <0.4% of the total emissions. With regards to methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) gases, however, agricultural activities contributed 32.5% and 51.3% of their respective emissions in Norway. The soil organic carbon (SOC) losses associated with accelerated soil erosion in Norway are estimated at 0.475 MMTC yr^–1. Land use changes and soil/crop management practices with potential for SOC sequestration include conservation tillage methods, judicious use of fertilizers and manures, use of crop residues, diverse crop rotations, and erosion control measures. The potential for SOC sequestration is 0.146 MMTC yr^–1 for adopting conservation tillage, 0.011–0.035 MMTC yr^–1 for crop residue management, 0.026 MMTC yr^–1 for judicious use of mineral fertilizer, 0.016–0.135 MMTC yr^–1 for manure application, and 0.036 MMTC yr^–1 for adopting crop rotations. The overall potential of these practices for SOC sequestration ranges from 0.591 to 1.022 MMTC yr^–1 with an average value of 0.806 MMTC yr^–1. Of the total potential, 59% is due to adoption of erosion control measures, 5.8% to restoration of peat lands, 21% to conversion to conservation tillage and residue management, and 14% to adoption of improved cropping systems. Enhancing SOC sequestration and improving soil quality, through adoption of judicious land use and improved system of soil and crop management, are prudent strategies for sustainable management of soil, water and environment resources.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: bhaskarn ath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

双季稻区冬种覆盖作物对土壤微生物量的影响

利用氯仿熏蒸浸提法研究了南方双季稻区4种冬季覆盖作物对土壤微生物量碳、氮周年动态的影响.结果表明:冬季种植紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)、黑麦草(Lolium multiflroum Lam.)和马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)土壤微生物量碳含量分别为:248.8mg·kg-1、256.7mg·kg-1和238.9mg·kg-1均显著高于冬闲田的218.3 mg·kg-1(P<0.05),增幅为9.43%～17.59%;冬季种植油菜(Brassica campestris L.)土壤微生物量碳比冬闲田提高了0.63%,没有显著性差异.4种覆盖作物土壤微生物量氮含量分别为:紫云英,100.3 mg·kg-1、黑麦草,153.8 mg·kg-1、马铃薯,99.9 mg·kg-1和油菜,86.2 mg·kg-1,均显著高于冬闲田,73.5 mg·kg-1(P<0.05).对比冬闲田,各个覆盖作物均显著提高土壤有机质含量(P<0.05).说明种植冬季覆盖作物可以提高土壤有机质含量和有效养分含量,促进了土壤微生物的活动,有利于保持土壤肥力.     

Estimation of crop residue in China based on a Monte Carlo analysis

Accurate crop residue resource estimation is important for bioenergy development.This is done by the ratio of residue to grain(R/G),which is usually regarded constant and is widely used for crop residue estimation though uncertainty is inevitable in practice.In this study,a Monte Carlo algorithm was applied to estimate national crop residue by R/G taken from published reports in China.The estimated result was further mapped in pixels by geographic information system.In2009,the amount of crop residue was found to be 802.32 million tons(Mt),with 679.36 and 947.28 Mt as the lower and upper limits for 95%confidence limits.Chinese crop residue was dominated by rice,wheat,and corn,accounting for74.57%(598.29 Mt).From 1949 to 2009,the amount of crop residue increased by four times,accompanied by component change.The spatial distribution of crop residue in China is markedly heterogeneous.Compared to the shortage of crop residue in northwest China,there is an abundant crop residue of about 334 Mt in eastern China,attracting 90%of the country's electricity or heat generation plants.     

周年轮作休耕对土壤AMF群落和团聚体稳定性的影响

为探究轮作休耕对丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）群落组成及土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,以坡耕地红壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序和湿筛法分别测定AMF群落组成和团聚体,研究了苕子轮作玉米（V-C）、豌豆轮作玉米（P-C）、冬闲-玉米（F-C）和周年休耕（F-F）这4个处理下AMF群落组成及其与土壤养分和团聚体稳定性之间的关系.结果表明,F-F、V-C和P-C处理的>2 mm团聚体含量、R_0.25及MWD均显著高于F-C （P<0.05）,<0.25 mm团聚体含量均显著低于F-C （P<0.05）;F-F处理的ACE、Chao1和Shannon指数较F-C分别显著提高29.56%、35.78%和45.55%;球囊霉属（Glomus）为各处理AMF群落的优势属,盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）在各处理间差异显著（P<0.05）;PCoA分析发现,PC1和PC2分别累计解释了AMF群落组成差异的29.99%和22.40%;相关性分析表明,盾巨孢囊霉属与碱解氮（AN）和有机质（SOM）呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与速效钾（AK）呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,球囊霉属与碱解氮呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;RDA分析表明,AMF多样性（Shannon指数）和盾巨孢囊霉属分别与>2 mm和2~1 mm团聚体含量显著正相关（P<0.05）.因此,周年休耕和苕子轮作玉米有利于提高土壤团聚体稳定性和改变AMF群落组成,研究结果为我国南方周年轮作系统提高土壤质量和推行合理轮作休耕模式提供理论依据和参考.     

我国典型秸秆露天燃烧黑碳的高时间分辨率排放特征及其排放清单

农作物秸秆燃烧是大气中黑碳(black carbon,BC)气溶胶的主要来源之一。目前农作物秸秆燃烧排放黑碳的研究主要集中在通过离线样品分析获得的BC排放特征,缺少实时在线排放特征的研究。本研究收集了我国具有代表性的4种农作物秸秆(小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆),通过在实验室燃烧平台模拟农作物秸秆露天燃烧的过程,利用黑碳仪获得农作物秸秆燃烧过程中BC的实时浓度排放变化;利用质量重建,获得BC在线排放因子。结果表明:农作物秸秆在明燃过程中BC的排放因子较为稳定。通过平均排放因子的计算,获得小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆的BC排放因子分别为(0.32±0.05) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.13) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.09) g?kg~(-1)和(0.44±0.01) g?kg~(-1)。在排放因子的基础上,结合我国农作物秸秆露天燃烧量,最终建立了2015年我国省级(不含港澳台地区)典型农作物秸秆燃烧的BC排放清单。     

我国农村作物秸秆资源化调查研究

本文分析了全国秸杆资源化现状和存在问题，探讨秸秆的利用途径和开发价值，对合理开发利用全国的秸秆资源提出了初步建议。     

赤红壤不同轮作形式的效益研究

赤红壤不同轮作形式的效益研究吴锦暖，程汝饱（广东省土壤研究所，广州ｓｌｔｈｅ）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＢｅｎｅｆｉｔｓｏｆＤｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔＣｒｏｐＲｏｔａｔｉｏｎＰａｔｔｅｒｎｓｉｎＬａｔｏｒｅｄＳｏｉｌＵｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．￥ＷｕＪｉｎｎｕａｎａｎｄＣｈ...     

贵州烟区生态条件及烤烟质量状况分析

以贵州烟区气候、土壤等生态因素和烤烟外观、物理、化学及感官质量的数据资料为基础,分析了该区9大植烟区域生态条件及烟叶质量状况.结果表明,贵州烟区海拔高度差异悬殊,具有大田期气温适宜,降雨充沛,日照充足,空气相对湿度高等特点.植烟土壤pH值适宜,有机质含量丰富,具有较强的保肥能力;氮素、磷素含量适中,钾素则难以满足烟株需求;土壤交换性钙、镁比值适宜,有效硫含量较高;多数微量元素含量丰富.但有效硼和水溶性氯含量缺乏.烟叶外观质量较好,香型以中间香型和偏清香型为主,香味的亲和力好.燃烧性强,配伍性高,但物理特性和化学成分间的协调性与国外优质烟区相比尚有差距.     

农业残留物燃烧温室气体排放清单研究:以江苏省为例

通过问卷调查确定了江苏省农业残留物在不同时间阶段(1990～1995、1996～2000、2001～2005和2006～2008年)作为生活燃料和田间直接燃烧的比例,利用燃烧炉模拟秸秆燃烧试验确定了6种农业残留物(水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜、棉花和大豆)燃烧产生的CO2、CO、CH4和N2O的排放因子;基于此,结合江苏省不...