大型商场营业厅设计疏散人数指标体系研究

针对大型商场营业厅设计疏散人数指标体系的研究现状与存在问题,提出了设计疏散人数指标体系的安全保证率理念,论证了大型商场营业厅设计疏散人数取双休日(而不取黄金周)人数指标的合理性.进一步优化了大型商场营业厅疏散人数指标体系,进一步减少了以此为根据设计的楼梯间宽度,为修编<建筑设计防火规范>提供参考依据.     

Testing Hypotheses for the Success of Different Conservation Strategies

Abstract:  Evaluations of the success of different conservation strategies are still in their infancy. We used four different measures of project outcomes—ecological, economic, attitudinal, and behavioral—to test hypotheses derived from the assumptions that underlie contemporary conservation solutions. Our hypotheses concerned the effects of natural resource utilization, market integration, decentralization, and community homogeneity on project success. We reviewed the conservation and development literature and used a specific protocol to extract and code the information in a sample of papers. Although our results are by no means conclusive and suffer from the paucity of high-quality data and independent monitoring (80% of the original sample of 124 projects provided inadequate information for use in this study), they show that permitted use of natural resources, market access, and greater community involvement in the conservation project are all important factors for a successful outcome. Without better monitoring schemes in place, it is still impossible to provide a systematic evaluation of how different strategies are best suited to different conservation challenges.     

基于元胞自动机的复杂建筑物中人员逃生模型研究

针对复杂建筑物中人群安全疏散问题,在原有的元胞自动机行人流模型基础上,利用不同人员行进速度、不同方向行进速度的差异以及疏散连续性等特征优化该模型,使其在模拟逃生规律和疏散时间方面更加合理、可靠。通过多组人群行进速度测定试验,利用曲线拟合方法,获取不同属性人群向不同高度的台阶行进的速度,并制定台阶等级划分规则,优化人员速度计算方法,结合累积位移量,构建复杂建筑元胞自动机模型。利用Matlab软件建立原有疏散模型及复杂建筑元胞自动机模型,分别模拟某海豚表演馆疏散情况。结果表明,复杂建筑元胞自动机模型的模拟数据与实际演习数据相比,在疏散总时间方面存在5%~8%相对偏差,相比原有疏散模型,在模拟复杂建筑疏散问题中更具说服力。     

人群疏散中"非适应性"行为的研究

本文从人与人的相互作用和社会学、心理学的角度,对人群疏散中“非适应性”行为的理论、计算机模型、模拟原理等进行了较为深入的研究,并以具体实例说明了Building Exodus软件在人群疏散模拟分析中的具体应用,为完善该研究方向的计算机模型和促进软件的开发提供理论和方法的指导.文章得出的结论是：“非适应”人群行为的研究需要从心理学和社会学的角度建立人群中个人行为与社会行为的理论框架.“非适应”人群行为的研究方法必须与紧急情况相结合,而紧急情况是一个由多个人员组成的复杂系统,大量人群环境的模拟需要涉及到人与人之间,人与环境之间的相互作用.     

一种改进的疏散节点踩踏风险评估算法

为解决四变量算法中存在的计算精度不高和数值不连续问题,基于踩踏事故概率设计随坡度单调递增的倾斜度函数、以人流股数为计算单位的宽度系数函数以及以节点直接承受疏散人流为基础的汇集度函数,并据此构建点型节点、线型节点和面型节点的踩踏风险评估算法.研究结果表明:改进算法能够有效避免四变量算法存在的问题,在算法稳定性、参数敏感性...     

Decentralization,spatial disequilibrium,and restructuring of coastal tourist destination-Empirical research from Sanya,China

The objective of this article is to speculate on resort restructuring in the market-oriented reform process in China.Previous studies show that spatial disequilibrium was aggravated by decentralization,which leads to the difference in tourism policy and investment,public goods,and service;a profound analytical framework is much needed for further empirical studies.This article has reviewed the relevant studies on links between decentralization and restructuring,spatial influences of decentralization on tourism,based on which we put forward the theoretical framework of resort spatial restructuring from the view of political economy analysis,then we elaborate on and discuss it based on the example of Sanya,China.In short,the article suggests that decentralization of fiscal responsibilities and institutional power contributes to the spatial disequilibrium of tourism industrial structure,land use,public infrastructure and service facilities,and to community inequality.Interests of government,investors,and community should be comprehensively coordinated in the resort spatial restructuring process from three aspects:restructuring government,optimizing space structure,and tourism industry.Furthermore,we argue that resort restructuring in the context of Sanya requires coordination of various interest groups through four ways:restructure the government power under administrative division adjustment,optimizing spatial structure,expanding industrial space to diversified tourism products,and building resort management services organization.Finally,we discussed some policy requirements for resort sustainable development.     

Implementing Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management in a Decentralized Setting: Italy as a Case Study

The study explored the sub-national implementation of the Pan-European Criteria and Indicators (C&I) for Sustainable Forest Management in Italy, based on the statistical analysis of answers to a questionnaire provided by representatives of the Italian sub-national forest administrations. The questionnaire explored the implementation of C&I in five applications and through the analytical lenses of ‘suitability of C&I to sub-national contexts’ and ‘adaptability of administrations to C&I’. The analysis of suitability and adaptability made it possible to identify and compare challenges in, and successful experiences with, the implementation of C&I, which were then used to formulate recommendations aimed at encouraging implementation and promoting academic and policy debate. The study reveals that C&I were implemented to a moderate extent. This level of implementation was determined most of all by the suitability of C&I to the Italian sub-national contexts, and less by the adaptability of administrations. Recommendations to foster implementation of and dialogue on C&I include the need for Italian sub-national administrations to transpose the Pan-European C&I into sub-national sets tailored to local circumstances by, for example, modifying existing C&I or integrating these into new customized indicator sets.     

区域污水分散或集中处理的一种判据

讨论污水处理区域规划方法学问题。在规划区域内,根据污水输送费用的下界和区域集中处理综合费用效益的上界之间打互关系推导出的临界距离,可以解决污水处理区域规划中遇到的处理厂厂址选择问题,使用该方法能够大大地减少候选处理厂厂址的数目,提高规划的科学性、经济性、实用性及可靠性。在本文的最后,运用实例进行了考证。     

群体心理行为模拟的探讨

目前群体心理行为的计算机模拟的重要性日益显现,研究工作取得了一定成就．面临的巨大困难是如何建立一个可信的群体心理模型。笔者对群体心理行为模拟现状进行了介绍和分析。     

紧急疏散路径选择行为的实验研究

通过可控的人群疏散实验来分析紧急情况下的人群疏散规律。实验选取了建筑物出口位置、出口宽度设置作为实验变量开展。主要关注的参数有疏散时间和疏散速度。疏散人群在实验中自行选择认为最合适的路线。实验结果指出,在紧急情况下出口的距离和宽度共同影响了疏散的整体效率和疏散过程中的拥挤程度。女性的疏散行为值得关注,并且行人在疏散过程中,是分阶段决策疏散路径的,在仿真模型中可通过局部路径规划算法实现。疏散场景的布局对疏散效率的提高有较大影响,单纯增加局部出口的宽度以及缩短疏散路径对于提高整体疏散效率帮助不大。本研究成果对疏散模型的改进以及建筑设计有一定的指导意义。