水污染环境损害鉴定评估的因果关系判定方法研究

因果关系判定包括环境暴露与环境损害间因果关系判定和环境污染物从源到受体的暴露路径的建立与验证两个部分.因果关系判定是环境损害鉴定评估的重点和难点,因果关系的判定对环境损害案例的结果起着十分重要的作用.在结合印染企业水环境污染事件案例实践基础上,对水环境污染事件环境损害鉴定评估的因果关系判定方法进行了探讨,为环境污染损害鉴定评估方法研究提供技术支持.     

Rapid Flood Damage Prediction and Forecasting Using Public Domain Cadastral and Address Point Data with Fuzzy Logic Algorithms

National Flood Interoperability Experiment (NFIE) derived technologies and workflows will offer the ability to rapidly forecast flood damages. Address Points used by emergency management personnel approximate the locations of buildings, and they are a common operating picture for emergency responders. Most United States (U.S.) county tax assessment offices throughout the contiguous U.S. (CONUS) produce georeferenced cadastral data. To varying degrees, these parcel data describe building characteristics of structures within the parcel. Address Point data with cadastral data offers the ability to rapidly develop building inventories for flood damage estimation. Flood damage forecasts can expedite recovery and improve short‐term flood resilience. In this work the authors evaluate Flood Damage Wizard, a proposed open source platform independent methodology. Flood Damage Wizard uses point shapefile building information to estimate flood damage to buildings by finding the appropriate depth‐damage function using fuzzy‐text matching. The authors apply Flood Damage Wizard using Address Point and parcel datasets to demonstrate a method of estimating flood damage to buildings nearly anywhere within the CONUS. Results indicate using Address Point and cadastral datasets can generate total flood damage estimates approximate to those estimated using existing software solutions Hazus‐MH and HEC‐FIA with minimal manual processing of input data.     

Molecular toxicity and defense mechanisms induced by silver nanoparticles in Drosophila melanogaster

The widely use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as antimicrobial agents gives rise to potential environmental risks. AgNPs exposure have been reported to cause toxicity in animals. Nevertheless, the known mechanisms of AgNPs toxicity are still limited. In this study, we systematically investigated the toxicity of AgNPs exposure using Drosophila melanogaster. We show here that AgNPs significantly decreased Drosophila fecundity, the third-instar larvae weight and rates of pupation and eclosion in a dose-dependent manner. AgNPs reduced fat body cell viability in MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays. AgNPs caused DNA damage in hemocytes and S2 cells. Interestingly, the mRNA levels of the entire metallothionein gene family were increased under AgNPs exposure as determined by RNA-seq analysis and validated by qRT-PCR, indicating that Drosophila responded to the metal toxicity of AgNPs by producing metallothioneins for detoxification. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of AgNPs toxicity and may provide clues to effect on other organisms, including humans.     

二氧化硫和铅联合染毒对小鼠遗传物质的损伤

运用单细胞凝胶电泳技术研究了SO₂和醋酸铅亚急性联合染毒对雄性小鼠脑、肺、脾、肾细胞DNA的损伤.结果表明,在42mg/m³ SO₂和0.2%醋酸铅单独及联合作用下,小鼠脑、肺、肾、脾细胞DNA迁移距离均比对照组显著增加,而且铅可以加剧SO₂对脑、肾、脾细胞核DNA的损伤程度;SO₂对肺细胞核DNA的损伤程度要比铅的损伤大,小鼠肺细胞核DNA迁移距离在SO₂和醋酸铅联合作用组与醋酸铅单独作用组间有极显著性差异(P<0.01),而与SO₂单独作用组间没有显著性差异.SO₂和醋酸铅均可引起小鼠组织细胞的DNA损伤,它们对脑、肺、脾、肾的损伤程度不同,在一定条件下存在明显的协同效应,可以增强彼此的毒性作用.这意味着SO₂和铅均有引起哺乳动物细胞基因突变的潜在危险,大气SO₂污染与铅的污染可能加剧某些疾病的发生与发展.     

电工电子产品燃烧产物的腐蚀损坏效应

电工电子产品陷入火灾后所产生的腐蚀性燃烧产物,可能会对电路和电工电子元器件的性能造成不同程度的损坏,使设备出现故障。测量和评估燃烧产物的腐蚀损坏效应对于保证与安全有关的电工电子设备正常运行是十分必要的。     

Participatory Planning of Interventions to Mitigate Human–Wildlife Conflicts

Abstract: Conservation of wildlife is especially challenging when the targeted species damage crops or livestock, attack humans, or take fish or game. Affected communities may retaliate and destroy wildlife or their habitats. We summarize recommendations from the literature for 13 distinct types of interventions to mitigate these human–wildlife conflicts. We classified eight types as direct (reducing the severity or frequency of encounters with wildlife) and five as indirect (raising human tolerance for encounters with wildlife) interventions. We analyzed general cause‐and‐effect relationships underlying human–wildlife conflicts to clarify the focal point of intervention for each type. To organize the recommendations on interventions we used three standard criteria for feasibility: cost‐effective design, wildlife specificity and selectivity, and sociopolitical acceptability. The literature review and the feasibility criteria were integrated as decision support tools in three multistakeholder workshops. The workshops validated and refined our criteria and helped the participants select interventions. Our approach to planning interventions is systematic, uses standard criteria, and optimizes the participation of experts, policy makers, and affected communities. We argue that conservation action generally will be more effective if the relative merits of alternative interventions are evaluated in an explicit, systematic, and participatory manner.     

环境污染损害案件中司法鉴定启动模式研究

目前中国的相关法律对于司法鉴定启动程序的规定存在不一致、不细致等问题,实践中难以达成一致.考虑到环境污染损害专业性、技术性以及证据的易逝性等特点,在环境污染损害案件中,应当允许当事人自行委托鉴定,即中国环境污染损害案件中司法鉴定启动模式应当采取当事人自行委托鉴定、当事人申请启动以及法院依职权启动相结合的模式,使得司法鉴定启动权在当事人与法院之间进行合理的配置.     

I will not go,I cannot go: cultural and social limitations of disaster preparedness in Asia,Africa, and Oceania

While much work has been invested in addressing the economic and technical basis of disaster preparedness, less effort has been directed towards understanding the cultural and social obstacles to and opportunities for disaster risk reduction. This paper presents local insights from five different national settings into the cultural and social contexts of disaster preparedness. In most cases, an early warning system was in place, but it failed to alert people to diverse environmental shocks. The research findings show that despite geographical and typological differences in these locations, the limitations of the systems were fairly similar. In Kenya, people received warnings, but from contradictory systems, whereas in the Philippines and on the island of Saipan, people did not understand the messages or take them seriously. In Bangladesh and Nepal, however, a deeper cultural and religious reasoning serves to explain disasters, and how to prevent them or find safety when they strike.     

区域二氧化硫控制优化模型研究

传统的区域二氧化硫控制优化都是基于损害函数法和环境标准化法的。本文在分析比较了传统二氧化硫污染控制战略优化中的损害函数法和环境标准化法各自的优点与局限的基础上。建立了基于时间序列决策的整数规划优化模型。这一理论模型更好地描述了控制战略实施的过程。把时间作为模型优化的一个因子。这种基于时间序列的过程充分考虑了货币的时间价值。并能分析这些时间价值对二氧化硫污染控制战略的动态过程影响。本文的模型是更加符合现实的情况。它对于区域二氧化硫控制的中长期决策优化显得更为有效和准确。     

蒸汽锅炉爆管事故原因分析与预防措施

通过一起锅炉损坏事故原因的分析,提出切实可行的防治措施,以防止类似事故的发生。