工业重大危险源安全与环境影响研究

分析了现有各类安全与环境影响分析方法的不足之处,在此基础上提出一种基于模拟分析思想的事故后果分析方法,选取伤害范围分析法和模拟预测模型对工业重大危险源进行安全与环境影响分析,根据分析结果对其危险性进行分级,并将该方法应用到某工程项目,得到了工业重大危验源的各种事故伤害影响范围以及环境污染影响范围.实践证明,此方法能够对工业重大危险源进行安全与环境影响评价.     

基于无人机影像的长宁地震建筑物震害提取与成因分析

2019年6月17日,四川省长宁县发生6.0级地震,对当地建筑造成严重的破坏.选取震中长宁县双河镇为研究区,通过获取地震前后的无人机遥感数据,建立无人机遥感解译标志,对地震灾区的建筑物受损情况进行解译.在解译基础上进行无人机遥感建筑物震害提取,获取研究区的灾情信息.将目视解译方法得到的结果和无人机低空视频拍摄的震害结果...     

Sexual cannibalism facilitates genital damage in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Argiope lobata</Emphasis> (Araneae: Araneidae)

Sperm competition is a potent driving force in evolution leading to a remarkable variety of male adaptations that prevent or reduce fertilization by rivals. An extraordinary defensive strategy against sperm competition has evolved in a number of web spiders where males break off parts of their paired genitalia in order to obstruct the copulatory openings of females (mating plug). A recent comparative analysis on the family level reports that genital damage is most frequent in species with sexual cannibalism although, as yet, a functional association between sexual cannibalism and genital damage has not been found. Using the moderately sexually cannibalistic orb-web spider Argiope lobata, we show for the first time that males cannibalized during their first copulation damaged their pedipalps with significantly higher probability (74%) than males that escaped (15%). Of all males that damaged their genitalia, 44% were able to place a genital fragment inside the copulatory opening of the female, resulting in a relatively low total plugging rate of 14%. Successful obstruction of the female copulatory opening reduced the share of paternity of subsequent males (P ₂ = 0.06%), thus, indicating that genital damage may have evolved as a response to sperm competition in this species as well. However, the low incidence of successful plugging and the strong relationship between sexual cannibalism and genital damage suggest that apart from paternity protection, the nature of genital damage in A. lobata is further shaped by sexual conflict or cryptic female choice.     

硝基苯的蓄积毒性和氧化损伤

以小鼠为对象,对硝基苯(NB)的蓄积毒性和氧化损伤进行研究,检测SOD,GSH-Px,CAT,MDA和蛋白质羰基含量.结果表明,蓄积系数(K)为4.76;亚急性试验随着染毒剂量的加大,肾脏和脾脏的MDA含量逐渐升高,CAT,SOD和GSH-Px[酶活性逐渐降低,蛋白质羰基含量呈上升趋势,并表现出明显的剂量效应.表明NB对肾脏和脾脏具有明显的毒性作用,NB可使自由基在机体内累积,引起蛋白质氧化损伤,导致机体发生氧化应激.     

Attitudes of Private- and Public-Land Managers in Wyoming, USA, Toward Beaver

Castor canadensis ) management in Wyoming, USA, was sent to 5265 private-land managers and 124 public-land managers during 1993. The survey was developed in response to increasing interest in beaver management and beaver reintroduction possibilities. Private-land managers responding to the survey supplied information on 62,859 km² of land area and 20,037 km of streams. Primary concerns about beaver damage centered on (in decreasing order of importance) blocked irrigation ditches, girdled timber, blocked culverts, and flooded pastures, roads, crops, and timber. Primary benefits that landowners perceive that beaver give them were, in order of importance, elevated water tables, increased riparian vegetation, and increased stock-watering opportunities. Public-land managers also listed these benefits and detriments among their top concerns for beaver. Over 45% of landowners with beaver on their property and all of the public-land managers displayed an interest in a beaver reintroduction program and in more proactive beaver management.     

涕灭威及其复合物对茎线虫DNA的影响

选择了一种毒性很高的氨基甲酸酯农药涕灭威、一种最常见的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及一种土壤中普遍存在的天然物质腐殖酸,组成两种复合污染体系;研究了它们对茎线虫的生态毒理效应和对DNA的影响.结果发现,涕灭威-SDBS复合体系在4 d内对茎线虫的DNA造成了明显的损伤,而涕灭威-SDBS-腐殖酸复合体系在8 d内对茎线虫DNA造成的损伤却远远低于未加入腐殖酸的复合体系.关于涕灭威及其复合污染物对茎线虫的生态毒理效应和对DNA损伤的研究尚未见文献报道.     

生产函数的确定及其在经济损失分析中的应用

考察了Cobb-Douglas生产函数及其几种改进模型的适用范围,以确定适用于震后各生产领域的经济损失评估模型。通过以某市历年投入产出资料为例,说明了其在评定地震损失中的应用。     

Assessing the genotoxic potentials of arsenic in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) using alkaline comet assay and micronucleus test

This experiment was conducted to study the genotoxic potentials of sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂) in freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus by using alkaline comet assay and micronucleus (MN) test. Fish were exposed to three different concentrations (3 ppm, 28 ppm and 56 ppm) of arsenic and gill, liver and blood tissue samples were collected after 48 h, 96 h and 192 h of exposure. Arsenic exposure induced DNA damage in all tissues examined in a concentration dependent manner. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in the comet tail DNA (%) of the exposed fish liver, gill, and blood was observed after 48 h and 96 h of exposure, but a decline in DNA damage was recorded in all the tissues at all the three concentrations studied after 192 h of exposure. Liver tissue exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher DNA damage at all the concentrations examined, followed by gill and blood. Higher liver tail DNA (51.38 ± 0.21%) refers that it is more prone to injury to arsenic toxicity than the gill and blood. In blood samples arsenic induced micronucleus formation in a concentration dependent manner and highest (5.8 ± 0.46%) value was recorded in 56 ppm after 96 h of exposure, whereas, it was decreased after 192 h of exposure at all the three concentrations of NaAsO₂ examined which refers to the DNA repairing ability of fish to arsenic toxicity. The results of this study depict the genotoxic potentials of arsenic to fish which in turns provide insight on advanced study in aquatic toxicology.     

微塑料在哺乳动物的暴露途径、毒性效应和毒性机制浅述

微塑料广泛存在于大气、土壤和水体环境中,其对人体的危害正受到广泛关注.本文阐述了当前对微塑料在哺乳动物的暴露途径、毒性作用和毒性机制的认识.空气-呼吸系统、食物/饮水-消化系统以及洗漱/护肤产品-皮肤等都是目前最常见的微塑料人体暴露途径,其中消化系统暴露是最主要的方式.目前的研究显示肠道、肝脏和肾脏是主要的微塑料富集部...     

高速公路边坡生态防护系统探讨

分析了高速公路边坡特点及其侵蚀机理,阐述了过去我国边坡防护方式的不足之处,提出了边坡防护类型选择原则及生物防护方式的优势所在,同时还指出当前边坡防护中存在的问题.