苯并[a]芘对马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的研究

通过单细胞凝胶电泳技术（彗星试验）研究了苯并[a]芘（B[a]P）对马氏珠母贝（Pinctada martensi）血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤。结果显示,在相同暴露时间内,不同质量浓度的B[a]P均能引起马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞DNA损伤。4μg.L-1 B[a]P处理组DNA含量、彗尾长度和Olive尾矩均最大,分别为34.39%、281.73和60.31μm。随着暴露时间的延长,彗星尾长明显增加,表现出明显的时间-效应关系,而DNA含量和Olive尾矩没有呈现出规律性变化。此外,在不同的染毒时间内,对照组和各处理组之间均存在显著差异（P〈0.05）,3个指标具有很好的一致性。研究表明,彗星试验是检测B[a]P对马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的一种有效手段,马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞DNA损伤可作为指示B[a]P污染的一种有效生物标志物用于早期预警监测。     

纳米ZnO与TiO2对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)的毒性效应

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)为受试生物,研究纳米TiO2与ZnO两种纳米颗粒的毒理学效应及环境释放风险.实验采用滤纸法(浓度组:0、0.15、0.75、1.5和3.0 mg·cm-2)和溶液法(浓度组:0、10、50和100 mg·L-1),染毒时间为48 h,以抗氧化系统的响应和DNA损伤作为毒理效...     

电容式湿度传感器温-湿-盐雾耦合环境损伤效应与机理研究

目的 研究电容式湿度传感器在温-湿-盐雾耦合环境作用下的性能退化规律和失效机理。方法 将电容式湿度传感器放置在三因素循环(85 ℃+85%RH→40 ℃+0.05%NaCl中性盐雾→35 ℃+50%RH干燥)环境下进行加速老化试验,定期取样,分析响应时间和测量精度退化规律,研究温-湿-盐雾对电容式湿度传感器的环境损伤机制。结果 在三因素环境下老化7 d,湿度传感器在标准湿度(>50%RH)环境下感应异常;老化14 d,湿度传感器在每种标准湿度环境下感应异常。测试发现,湿敏电容的电容量偏大,绝缘电阻偏小,损耗角正切偏大,确定湿敏电容失效。湿度传感器在温-湿-盐雾环境下,在盐雾阶段,盐粒子沉积在湿敏材料表面,在干燥阶段水分挥发,最终在湿敏材料表面形成不规整颗粒物,造成湿敏电容绝缘性能降低。在通电测试时,不规整颗粒物在电场作用下易发生尖端发电,使得感湿材料绝缘性能下降,同时伴随有腐蚀和击穿烧蚀,使湿敏电容发生失效。结论 湿度传感器在温-湿-盐雾环境下,盐粒子易附着在感湿材料上,在通电环境下发生击穿烧蚀,造成湿度传感器功能失效。     

化学品泄漏致大气环境损害的量化评估初探

以某化学品泄漏造成大气污染为例,采用虚拟治理成本法,通过对污染物单位治理成本的调查,污染物危害系数的确定等步骤量化生态环境损害的数额。针对生态环境损害价值量化过程中主要污染物的选择、单位治理成本的确定、危害类别的判断等技术关键点,提出,应结合环境质量标准限值,污染物危害系数等综合因素选择主要污染物;采用成本函数法来确定某一地区单位治理成本更容易被采纳;利用标签制度（GHS）危险性类别的结论能够快速确定污染物危害系数,以期为大气环境损害鉴定评估技术方法的完善提供参考和借鉴。     

合理构建视频显示终端(VDT)作业疲劳工间休息制度

为了减少VDT(视频显示终端)作业对操作者健康的负面影响,合理地安排工作和休息时间以及设计良好的工作环境有助于减轻、缓解或消除VDT作业的疲劳。通过多项VDT数据输入作业实验,依据作业者作业能力变动的规律性,对不同类型的VDT作业者可能需要设置不同的工间休息制度。经过对实验数据的分析,数据输入的工作主要是信息接受和信息输出,属于事务性脑力劳动。只要合理地安排工作和休息时间以及设计良好的工作环境,就可以减少VDT对眼睛、骨骼及肌肉的疾患发生。     

噪声污染损害赔偿中污染程度的认定

本文以秦皇岛市大里营村11户村民诉北京铁路局噪声污染一案为例,分析《噪声污染防治法》关于环境噪声污染的规定在适用中存在的问题,建设立法修改或出台司法解释,以保障公民的环境权。     

Loss and damage related to climate change: connotations and response mechanism

Global mitigative and adaptive efforts have not been able to effectively address the adverse impacts caused by climate change. Therefore, a direct solution is needed to address the significant resulting loss and damage (L&D). During the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change held in Doha in 2012, the issue of responding to L&D arising from climate change gained sudden traction and became one of the key issues that affected the outcome of the convention. In this paper, a study on the definition and connotations of L&D arising from climate change was conducted, together with an analysis of its relationship with related concepts, namely impacts, vulnerability, and risks. This led to the proposal of an L&D conceptual model that is more comprehensive, with the recognition of the need to address the issue through effective supplementation of existing mitigative and adaptive efforts. A systematic elaboration of an L&D response mechanism was made based on politics, law, and the market, leading to a preliminary presentation of a possible format for an L&D mechanism. Potential academic research directions for L&D were also proposed that could serve as references for the establishment of international and national L&D response mechanisms and related research.     

Numerical modelling of electrohydraulic free-forming and die-forming of DP590 steel

Electrohydraulic forming (EHF) is a high energy rate forming process in which the strain rate in the sheet metal can vary from 5 × 10² to 10⁵ s⁻¹ depending on various factors. Several mechanisms have been reported to cause an improvement in formability in EHF such as material deformation mechanisms, inertial effects and the dynamic impact of the sheet against the die. EHF is a complex high speed forming process and experimental work alone is not sufficient to properly understand this process. To understand the variation of some influential variables in EHF, electrohydraulic die-forming (EHDF) and free-forming (EHFF) of DP590 dual phase steel were simulated in ABAQUS/Explicit by considering the fluid/structure interactions. Three-dimensional finite element simulations were conducted by modelling the water with Eulerian elements with a view to investigating the effect of released energy on the sheet deformation profile history, strain distribution, loading path and damage accumulation type. The Johnson–Cook constitutive material model was used to predict the sheet behaviour and the parameters in this model were calibrated based on experimental test results available for DP590 at various strain rates. The Johnson–Cook phenomenological damage model was also used to predict the ductile failure (damage accumulation) in both EHDF and EHFF. Predicted final strain values and damage accumulation type showed good agreement with the experimental observations.     

中国环境污染致健康损害赔偿情况研究

在环境污染致人体健康损害问题日益突出的形势下,健康损害赔偿立法显得尤为迫切.该文通过分析环境污染健康损害案例的特点、中国目前环境污染致人身健康损害案例赔偿情况现状及环境污染健康损害赔偿内容及其标准、赔偿过程存在的难点等,提出了完善环境污染健康损害赔偿方面的建议,包括建立环境健康法规体系、建立环境污染导致健康损害专门鉴定机构及制度、保证赔偿金来源等,为新形势下环境污染导致健康损害赔偿立法提供参考.     

Uncertainty in optimal pollution levels: modelling and evaluating the benefit area

This paper identifies the optimal pollution level under the assumptions of linear, quadratic and exponential damage and abatement cost functions and investigates analytically the certain restrictions that the existence of this optimal level requires. The evaluation of the benefit area is discussed and the mathematical formulation provides the appropriate methods for that to be calculated. The positive, at least from a theoretical point of view, is that both the quadratic and the exponential case obey the same form for evaluating the benefit area. These benefit area estimations can be used as indexes between different rival policies, and depending on the environmental problem, the policy that produces the maximum area will be the beneficial policy.