尾矿库溃坝泥石流相似模拟试验台设计及验证

泥石流是一种极具破坏力的地质灾害类型,而尾矿库溃坝形成的泥石流除产生巨大破坏力外,还会造成严重的环境污染问题,为了分析其流态演进过程设计了泥石流相似模型试验台。本尾矿库溃坝泥石流相似模拟试验台采用全透明技术以观察泥石流的流态演进过程,同时在传感器对应位置外侧固定量尺,以记录泥石流流动过程中泥深的动（泥石流淹没高程）静（泥石流结束后滞留泥浆高度）态变化。与现有技术相比具有5大优点,主要体现在弯度调节、坡度调节及闸门装置3大系统,并通过相似模型试验与前人研究成果对比,验证了此试验台的可行性,对完善矿山泥石流流体力学理论及矿山泥石流防灾减灾工作具有重要的科学价值及意义。     

浙西南丘陵山区沟谷泥石流降雨特征分析

浙西南丘陵山区沟谷泥石流均为暴雨型泥石流,降水是诱发泥石流灾害的主要因素。通过对暴雨与泥石流发生的时间关系分析,认为泥石流发生主要有两种类型:一是当日降雨量直接激发泥石流,另一种是泥石流发生在有一定前期降雨的积累,并利用雨量站观测资料对这两种类型泥石流发生时的降雨特征进行了详细分析,以为泥石流灾害的防治提供依据。     

舟曲＂8.7＂泥石流的特征及其防治措施初探

2010年8月7日晚,舟曲县城发生特大泥石流灾害,导致了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失.文章从地质构造、地形地貌、新构造运动与地震、气象和水系水文条件等五方面阐述了舟曲县自然环境整体背景,并分析了此次＂8.7＂泥石流形成的地形、物源和水源条件,总结了＂8.7＂泥石流的特征.在此基础上,为舟曲灾后重建提出了工程措施与生态措施相结合的防治建议.     

工业锅炉选用新型高效低噪风机的几个问题

通过对１～１０ｔ／ｈ工业锅炉鼓、引风机的调查研究，提出了新系列的鼓、引风机，供锅炉配套选用     

Macroinvertebrate Assemblages on Woody Debris and Their Relations with Environmental Variables in the Lower Sacramento and San Joaquin River Drainages, California

Data from 25 sites were used to evaluate associations between macroinvertebrate assemblages on large woody debris (snags) and environmental variables in the lower San Joaquin and Sacramento River drainages in California as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment Program. Samples were collected from 1993 to 1995 in the San Joaquin River drainage and in 1996 and 1997 in the Sacramento River drainage. Macroinvertebrate taxa were aggregated to the family (or higher) level of taxonomic organization, resulting in 39 taxa for analyses. Only the 31 most common taxa were used for two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). TWINSPAN analysis defined four groups of snag samples on the basis of macroinvertebrate assemblages. Analysis of variance identified differences in environmental and biotic characteristics among the groups. These results combined with the results of CCA indicated that mean dominant substrate type, gradient, specific conductance, water temperature, percentage of the basin in agricultural land use, percentage of the basin in combined agricultural and urban land uses, and elevation were important factors in explaining assemblage structure. Macroinvertebrate assemblages on snags may be useful in family level bioassessments of environmental conditions in valley floor habitats.     

Monitoring plastic ingestion by the northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis in the North Sea

The abundance of plastics in stomachs of northern fulmars from the North Sea is used in the OSPAR Ecological Quality Objective (EcoQO) for marine litter. The preliminary EcoQO defines acceptable ecological quality as the situation where no more than 10% of fulmars exceed a critical level of 0.1 g of plastic in the stomach. During 2003-2007, 95% of 1295 fulmars sampled in the North Sea had plastic in the stomach (on average 35 pieces weighing 0.31 g) and the critical level of 0.1 g of plastic was exceeded by 58% of birds, with regional variations ranging from 48 to 78%. Long term data for the Netherlands since the 1980s show a decrease of industrial, but an increase of user plastics, with shipping and fisheries as the main sources. The EcoQO is now also used as an indicator for Good Environmental Status in the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive.     

青藏高原铁路沿线泥石流灾害预警技术及行车安全保障措施

分析了青藏高原泥石流类型及其在高原分布情况,目前正在建设的青藏线和规划中的其他高原铁路都面临泥石流的威胁,研究高原铁路沿线泥石流预警技术具有必要性和实用价值。笔者利用模糊神经网络方法建立了判定泥石流灾害发生可能性的预警模型。根据预警结果,将泥石流威胁条件下的行车安全保障作业分为预报、预警和警报3个阶段,并制定了不同阶段的行车安全保障措施。     

基于物元可拓的熵值泥石流危险性评价

通过选取能够反映和体现泥石流危险性的8项重要参数指标作为泥石流危险性评价指标,运用物元可拓理论和熵值确定权重法,建立泥石流危险性评价的物元可拓模型。应用建立的物元可拓模型,对舟曲县15条典型泥石流沟的危险性进行评价,得到的评价结果与实际情况相符合,同时也说明基于物元可拓的熵值法能较真实地反映实际泥石流沟的危险性等级,证明该方法应用于泥石流危险性评价的有效性和可行性。     

藓类-兴安落叶松林木质物残体贮量及组成

以大兴安岭藓类-兴安落叶松林为研究对象,估算木质物残体(WD)的贮量及组成,分析WD随着龄组的动态变化趋势.WD 又可分为粗木质残体(CWD)和细木质残体(FWD),随着对 CWD 研究的不断深入,CWD 的直径划分标准有了改进,美国学者把直径大于10 cm的WD定为CWD,但我国大多学者的研究仍然沿用以往的直径大于2.5 cm的标准,致使研究结果与国际研究无法进行比较.鉴于此,采用新的 CWD划分标准,分析CWD的物种组成、径级结构、腐烂等级及树种组成等特征,揭示CWD密度、体积和生物量贮量及特征随着龄组的变化趋势.结果表明,(1)WD体积和生物量为2.09~151.03 m3·hm-2和1.57~55.11 t·hm-2.从组成上来看,中龄林以倒木和小枝为主(占73.00%),近熟林以枯立木和倒木为主(占96.04%),过熟林以枯立木为主(93.18%).从类型上来看,中龄林均为FWD,近熟林和过熟林中CWD生物量达75%以上.(2)龄组显著影响着藓类-兴安落叶松林WD和CWD的生物量和组成.随着龄组的增加,WD生物量和枯立木比例逐渐增加,倒木和大枝比例减小.CWD 生物量和体积随着龄组的增大而逐渐增加.(3)近熟林中 CWD密度、体积和生物量(217株·hm-2、40.51 m3·hm-2、20.61 t·hm-2)均小于过熟林(258株·hm-2、138.82 m3·hm-2、48.88 t·hm-2).(4)近熟林CWD体积和生物量均以Ⅱ-Ⅲ级腐烂为主(两者之和分别占90.81%和89.01%),过熟林以Ⅲ级腐烂为主(占36.15%和41.23%).(5)过熟林CWD密度、体积和生物量均以10~20 cm为主,且以枯立木居多.     

An Experimental Burn to Restore a Moth-Killed Boreal Conifer Forest, Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia

Mechanical treatment and prescribed fire were used to restore a mixed conifer stand (Picea-Abies-Pinus) following mortality from an outbreak of Siberian moth (Dendrolimus superans sibiricus). Moth-killed stands often become dominated by Calamagrostis, a sod-forming grass. The large amount of woody debris and the sod hinder coniferous seedling establishment and development as well as creating conditions favorable to the establishment and propagation of wildfires. Fire has been demonstrated to be an effective method of reducing woody debris and eliminating sod, but the random nature and timing of wildfires often do not create conditions favorable for conifer regeneration. Our study was conducted in a mature fir dominated stand that died during an outbreak 6–8 years previously with most of the dead trees still standing. A bulldozer drove through the stand downing standing snags in late summer with 15–20 m between passes. Snags knocked down by the bulldozer and additional snag fall throughout the following winter increased downed dead wood 50–60% and large downed dead wood 80% compared to an adjacent untreated area. In June, a prescribed fire was set and fuel load consumption averaged 70%. Average soil temperatures during the burn ranged from 47 ^∘C at a depth of 2 cm to 10 ^∘C at 10 cm; hot enough to kill the grass. Following treatment, the potential for wildfire was reduced and the area was suitable for either natural conifer regeneration or planting without further mechanical site preparation.