Identifying Linkages Between Land Use,Geomorphology, and Aquatic Habitat in a Mixed-Use Watershed

The potential impacts of land use on large woody debris (LWD) were examined in Sourdough Creek Watershed, a rapidly growing area encompassing Bozeman, Montana, USA. We identified six land classes within a 250 m buffer extending on either side of Sourdough Creek and assessed aquatic habitat and geomorphologic variables within each class. All LWD pieces were counted, and we examined 14 other variables, including undercut bank, sinuosity, and substrate composition. LWD numbers were generally low and ranged from 0 to 8.2 pieces per 50 m of stream. Linear regression showed that LWD increased with distance from headwaters, riparian forest width, and sinuosity in four of the six land classes. Statistically significant differences between land classes for many aquatic habitat and geomorphologic variables indicated the impacts of different land uses on stream structure. We also found that practices such as active wood removal played a key role in LWD abundance. This finding suggests that managers should prioritize public education and outreach concerning the importance of in-stream wood, especially in mixed-use watersheds where wood is removed for either aesthetic reasons or to prevent stream flooding.     

模型试验研究碎石土斜坡优先流机理

通过自制的试验装置,模拟天然降雨过程,研究碎石土斜坡优先流的形成机理以及优先流对碎石土斜坡地下径流的影响,为揭示降雨诱发碎石土斜坡变形破坏机理提供理论依据和数据支撑。研究了颗粒组成结构、降雨历程、地下水、干缩、冻融交替等因素对碎石土斜坡优先流的影响,以及优先流对碎石土颗粒组成结构、碎石土斜坡地下径流的影响,揭示碎石土斜坡优先流的形成机理。通过染色示踪试验,揭示了碎石土斜坡优先流的形态和分布特征,为碎石土斜坡优先流的进一步量化研究提供依据。     

茨榆山乡上窝铺泥石流灾害特征及防治对策

秦皇岛北部山区泥石流地质灾害隐患威胁着当地居民的生命财产安全,严重阻碍了乡村经济的快速发展。以青龙满族自治县茨榆山乡上窝铺泥石流为例,通过实地调查与数据分析,确定了泥石流成因、类型、活动状况、危害性、危险区范围;获取了泥石流流体重度规律、泥石流流速、泥石流流量、一次性固体冲出物主要力学参数特征;根据泥石流的特点及主要参数,提出监测预警方案及工程治理方案。     

建筑垃圾作水泥混合材的试验研究

建筑垃圾排放量巨大 ,既污染环境 ,又浪费资源 ,其综合利用已得到重视。作者进行了用建筑垃圾中无机渣作为水泥混合材的试验研究。结果表明 ,粉磨后的无机渣掺入到细磨的P·Ⅰ型硅酸盐水泥中 ,水泥比表面积为 4 32 2m2 /kg时 ,掺入 2 0 %无机渣的水泥胶砂抗压强度可达 5 4 1MPa ,且凝结时间、安定性等指标均达国家标准。     

LANDSLIDE INITIATION,RUNOUT, AND DEPOSITION WITHIN CLEARCUTS AND OLD‐GROWTH FORESTS OF ALASKA1

ABSTRACT: More than 300 landslides and debris flows were triggered by an October 1993 storm on Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska. Initiation, runout, and deposition patterns of landslides that occurred within clearcuts, second‐growth, and old‐growth forests were examined. Blowdown and snags, associated with cedar decline and “normal” rates of mortality, were found adjacent to at least 75 percent of all failures regardless of land use. Nearly 50 percent of the landslides within clearcuts occurred within one year following timber harvest; more than 70 percent of these sites had hydrophytic vegetation directly above failures. In following the runout paths of failures, significantly more erosion per unit area occurred within clearcuts than in old‐growth forests on slopes with gradients from 9 to 28* (16 to 54 percent). Runout length, controlled by hillslope position within deglaciated valleys, was typically longer in old‐growth forests than in second growth and clearcuts (median values were 334, 201, and 153 m, respectively). Most landslides and debris flows deposited in first‐and second‐order channels before reaching the main stem channels used by anadromous fish. Slide deposits in old‐growth forests were composed of a higher proportion of woody debris than deposits derived from slides in second growth or clearcuts.     

金沙江干热河谷区地质灾害遥感研究

遥感技术能快速全面、高性价比地获取地表信息,可以从宏观上对区域性地质灾害进行调查,形成对区域性地质灾害分布、规模的定量认识,因此遥感技术已经在国外的地质灾害调查工作中得到了较广泛应用。金沙江德钦段河谷属于典型的干热河谷,遥感技术在该地区的环境地质调查的应用研究,对于西部大开发的工程建设具有很强的实用性。利用3种星载光学遥感影像对这一地区的地质灾害进行了目视解译研究。首先简要介绍了金沙江干热河谷区自然地理、地质和气候环境的特点及其对地质灾害解译产生的影响,其次就本地区的环境地质遥感数据的选择与处理进行了说明,然后配合图片详细分析了研究区主要地质灾害(滑坡、崩塌堆积、泥石流沟和倾倒变形)的解译特征。最后实地考察验证了解译的可行性,并分析总结了存在的不足,提出了利用近红外高光谱提高地质灾害解译研究的设想。     

DEVELOPING TREND ANALYSIS AND FORECAST OF DEBRIS FLOW ACTIVITIES IN THE THREE-GORGE RESERVOIR AREA

TheThree GorgeReservoirisatypicalrivervalley typereservoir,whoseplanefigureislikeafunnelandthetrunkstreamis 6 90km long.TheareaontheeastofFengjieistheworldfamousThree Gorgearea,whichismainlycomposedofmountainousregions.Thepopulationdensityisnotveryhighexceptinsomecities/towns,andthepeoplelivedispersivelyinthemountainareas.Thelandformsbelongtotheerosion,corrosionanddenudationtypesofthewestHubeiProvince.OnthewestofFengjieisahillylandlyingintheeastofSichuanBasin.Thetopographyand geologicenvi…     

PATTERNS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN A COASTAL ALASKA STREAM1

Suspended sediment data from a 154 ha watershed on northeast Chichagof Island, Alaska, were collected over three fall storm seasons from 1980 to 1982. Sediment rating curves for nine pooled storms explained less than 34 percent of the variation in total suspended solids (TSS). Significantly higher concentrations of suspended sediment occurred during the rising limb of storm hydrographs than for similar flows on the falling limb, accounting for hysteresis loops in TSS versus streamflow plots for individual storms. These hysteresis loops were wider during early season storms, indicating that easily transportable fine sediment may have been flushed from the upper portion of channel banks and from behind large organic debris during early season peak flows. Regression relationships (TSS versus Q) developed for the highest stormflows (> 1 m³/s) had steeper slopes than the lower stormflows (< 1 m³/s). Turbidity correlated well (r=0.94) with TSS for all storm-flow data combined. Organic matter constituted an average of 35 percent (by weight) of TSS for all water quality samples.     

厦门湾海洋塑料垃圾对中华白海豚的摄食风险评价

以厦门湾为研究区域,借鉴相对风险模型评价海洋塑料垃圾对中华白海豚可能产生的摄食风险.以4类不同尺寸的海洋塑料垃圾作为风险源、以中华白海豚作为风险受体,利用GIS中的空间分析工具,评价和量化厦门湾摄食性塑料垃圾对该区域中华白海豚的风险及其时空分布.识别高风险的塑料垃圾类型、高风险区域和高风险季节.结果表明：不同尺寸的海洋塑料垃圾对中华白海豚构成的潜在生态风险不同,其中小型和中型垃圾的风险较高.塑料垃圾对中华白海豚的生态风险呈现出明显的时间和空间差异,夏季和冬季是风险高值相对集中的季节,夏季的高风险主要是因为受到台风和旅游业等影响造成海洋垃圾源强较高,冬季的高风险则与中华白海豚在此季节最为活跃有关;高风险区域主要分布于塑料垃圾和中华白海豚密度分布重叠较高的位置,夏季的高风险区域分布于大嶝以及九龙江口的鸡屿附近海域,冬季的高风险区域分布于西海域以南水域和九龙江口的鸡屿附近水域.研究成果可为厦门湾中华白海豚的保护管理提供决策依据.     

无增压风机湿法烟气脱硫技术及其应用情况

本文介绍了浙江某发电厂的脱硫系统不配备增压风机，利用锅炉引风机提供脱硫阻力降，简化了脱硫系统。减少了设备购置费用，降低了设备运行维护成本。