LANDSLIDE INITIATION,RUNOUT, AND DEPOSITION WITHIN CLEARCUTS AND OLD‐GROWTH FORESTS OF ALASKA1

ABSTRACT: More than 300 landslides and debris flows were triggered by an October 1993 storm on Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska. Initiation, runout, and deposition patterns of landslides that occurred within clearcuts, second‐growth, and old‐growth forests were examined. Blowdown and snags, associated with cedar decline and “normal” rates of mortality, were found adjacent to at least 75 percent of all failures regardless of land use. Nearly 50 percent of the landslides within clearcuts occurred within one year following timber harvest; more than 70 percent of these sites had hydrophytic vegetation directly above failures. In following the runout paths of failures, significantly more erosion per unit area occurred within clearcuts than in old‐growth forests on slopes with gradients from 9 to 28* (16 to 54 percent). Runout length, controlled by hillslope position within deglaciated valleys, was typically longer in old‐growth forests than in second growth and clearcuts (median values were 334, 201, and 153 m, respectively). Most landslides and debris flows deposited in first‐and second‐order channels before reaching the main stem channels used by anadromous fish. Slide deposits in old‐growth forests were composed of a higher proportion of woody debris than deposits derived from slides in second growth or clearcuts.     

Temporary disaster debris management site identification using binomial cluster analysis and GIS

An essential component of disaster planning and preparation is the identification and selection of temporary disaster debris management sites (DMS). However, since DMS identification is a complex process involving numerous variable constraints, many regional, county and municipal jurisdictions initiate this process during the post‐disaster response and recovery phases, typically a period of severely stressed resources. Hence, a pre‐disaster approach in identifying the most likely sites based on the number of locational constraints would significantly contribute to disaster debris management planning. As disasters vary in their nature, location and extent, an effective approach must facilitate scalability, flexibility and adaptability to variable local requirements, while also being generalisable to other regions and geographical extents. This study demonstrates the use of binomial cluster analysis in potential DMS identification in a case study conducted in Hamilton County, Indiana.     

在地震作用下碎石土滑坡抗滑桩的抗震加固作用机理研究

本文利用弹塑性动力固结大变形有限元模型,采用非线性分析的方法对比研究在地震荷载作用下的碎石土滑坡的抗滑桩在坡脚和边坡中部的抗震加固效果.研究结果表明:设置在边坡中部的抗滑桩相对于设置在边坡下部的抗滑桩对整体边坡土体位移支挡最有效.不同高程点动弯距的变化趋势基本相同.在同样条件下中桩位抗滑桩的静力、动力弯矩大于桩位在坡脚的抗滑桩相应位置的弯矩,表明中桩位加固位置可以更有效发挥抗滑桩的抗弯承载能力.从提高边坡稳定性和抗滑桩的抗滑效果来看,边坡中部的抗滑桩抗震加固效果较好.     

GGH换热元件结垢堵塞原因分析及防治措施

京隆发电公司脱硫系统运行过程中经常发生GGH换热元件结垢和堵塞现象,分析了GGH结垢和堵塞的原因,主要包括除雾器除雾效率差;脱硫系统水平衡设计不合理;除雾器冲洗水系统故障、设计不当或冲洗不足;吸收塔补充石灰石浆液量过大;GGH换热元件波形板或GGH换热面高度设计不合理;吹灰系统设计不合理;氧化风量不足;吸收塔液位长时间保持在高液位、消泡剂添加不足;燃煤硫分的变化及吸收剂品质不好等。提出了防治措施,较好地解决了GGH换热元件结垢和堵塞的问题。     

四川德昌县凉峰沟泥石流灾害特征及防治对策

论述了四川德昌县凉峰沟泥石流形成条件、触发因素和泥石流灾害特征.对泥石流危险度进行了定量评价,并提出了相应的泥石流防治对策.     

Influence of Woody Debris on Channel Structure in Old Growth and Managed Forest Streams in Central Sweden

Anecdotal information suggests that woody debris have had an important channel-forming role in Swedish streams and rivers, but there are few data to support this view. We identified 10 streams within near-natural and 10 streams within managed forest landscapes in central Sweden, and quantified their channel characteristics and content of woody debris. All pieces of woody debris greater than 0.5 m in length and greater than 0.05 m in base diameter were included. The near-natural forests were situated in reserves protected from forest cutting, whereas the managed forests had previously faced intensive logging in the area adjacent to the stream. The two sets of streams did not differ in general abiotic characteristics such as width, slope, or boulder cover, but the number of wood pieces was twice as high and the wood volume almost four times as high in the near-natural streams. This difference resulted in a higher frequency of debris dams in the near-natural streams. Although the total pool area did not differ between the two sets of streams, the wood-formed pools were larger and deeper, and potentially ecologically more important than other pools. In contrast to what has been believed so far, woody debris can be a channel-forming agent also in steeper streams with boulder beds. In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, pool area was positively and most strongly related to the quantity of woody debris, whereas channel gradient and wood volume were negatively related. The frequency of debris dams increased with the number of pieces of woody debris, but was not affected by other variables. The management implications of this study are that the wood quantity in streams in managed forests would need to be increased if management of streams will target more pristine conditions.     

西攀高速公路沿线的泥石流

介绍了西(昌)攀(枝花)高速公路沿线的环境背景。通过调查,认识到沿线泥石流具有沟道密集、深切、沟床糙率大、周期性明显、小泥石流沟危害严重、二次搬运成灾、植被影响严重等特点。分析了西攀高速公路面临的四种潜在威胁。指出了沿线泥石流沟治理应采取的措施以及今后应特别注意的一些问题。     

城市污水处理厂鼓风机房通风设计分析

本文介绍了城市污水处理厂鼓风机房通风设计的重要性，分析了鼓风机房的进气系统及排气系统的设计要点，并介绍了肇庆污水处理厂的鼓风机房设计实例。     

泥石流危险性评价研究进展

综述了国内外泥石流危险性评价方法的研究现状,分别介绍了国内单沟泥石流和区域泥石流的危险度研究方法,针对单沟泥石流和区域泥石流的不同特征,提出了其改进和完善的建议,并对泥石流危险性评价方法的发展方向和趋势进行了讨论。     

格子Boltzmann方法及其在泥石流堆积研究中的应用

以格子Boltzmann方法为平台,结合泥石流流团模型的特点,建立了特殊的格子Boltzmann模型。该模型从平衡态分布函数和非平衡态分布函数两个层次精细刻画了泥石流运动的非线性特征及其复杂的流变关系,成功模拟了泥石流的堆积过程,研究了地面形态与泥石流堆积形态之间的关系。