乌鲁木齐市MODIS气溶胶光学厚度与PM10浓度关系模型研究

为了建立乌鲁木齐市近地面PM10浓度监测的关系模型,利用乌鲁木齐市2013年3—11月、2014年3—11月MODIS AOD产品与同期地面观测的PM10质量浓度进行相关分析,结果表明二者直接相关程度较低(r=0.433,p0.01);然后以WRF模式模拟的大气边界层高度及地面观测的相对湿度数据对AOD进行垂直、湿度订正后,二者相关性得到较大程度提高(r=0.630,p0.01);按照季节分类统计和订正春、夏、秋季的相关系数r分别为0.779、0.393、0.523,均大于统计学上99%的置信度要求,其中春季的订正最为有效,可用性更高;最后,建立全年和各季AOD-PM10最优拟合模型并反演乌鲁木齐市地面PM10质量浓度,全年和三季的反演结果与实测数据的相关系数分别为0.757、0.748、0.652、0.715(p0.01);同时基于卫星遥感AOD反演得到的PM10质量浓度的空间分布与AOD呈现出整体的一致性,并且3个季节AOD平均值表现为:春季秋季夏季.证实了卫星遥感AOD经过垂直和湿度订正后,可以作为辅助监测乌鲁木齐市PM10地面浓度分布的一个有效手段.     

抗生素在土壤、粘土矿物中的吸附研究进展

抗生素长期大量的用于人、动物、植物的疾病治疗或者水产养殖,它们在动物体内代谢率低,通过粪便或者尿液直接以原型或次级代谢产物的形式直接进入环境中,并可在环境中富集,产生各种抗生素的细菌或者诱发基因,直接或者间接的给人类的健康带来各种隐患。抗生素在环境中最重要的行为是吸附,吸附不仅影响其在环境中的滞留时间、分布、迁移、转化...     

A spatially explicit empirical model of structural development processes in natural forests based on climate and topography

Stand structure develops with stand age. Old-growth forests with well-developed stand structure support many species. However, development rates of stand structure likely vary with climate and topography. We modeled structural development of 4 key stand variables and a composite old-growth index as functions of climatic and topographic covariates. We used a hierarchical Bayesian method for analysis of extensive snap-shot National Forest Inventory (NFI) data in Japan (n = 9244) to account for differences in stand age. Development rates of structural variables and the old-growth index exhibited curvilinear responses to environmental covariates. Flat sites were characterized by high rates of structural development. Approximately 150 years were generally required to attain high values (approximately 0.8) of the old-growth index. However, the predicted age to achieve specific values varied depending on environmental conditions. Spatial predictions highlighted regional variation in potential structural development rates. For example, sometimes there were differences of >100 years among sites, even in the same catchment, in attainment of a medium index value (0.5) after timber harvesting. The NFI data suggested that natural forests, especially old natural forests (>150 years), remain generally on unproductive ridges, steep slopes, or areas with low temperature and deep snow, where many structural variables show slow development rates. We suggest that maintenance and restoration of old natural forests on flat sites should be prioritized for conservation due to the likely rapid development of stand structure, although remaining natural forests on low-productivity sites are still important and should be protected.     

Determining floodplain sedimentation rates using Cs in a low fallout environment dominated by channel- and cultivation-derived sediment inputs, central Queensland, Australia

Fallout ¹³⁷Cs has been widely used to determine floodplain sedimentation rates in temperate environments, particularly in the northern hemisphere. Its application in low fallout, tropical environments in the southern hemisphere has been limited. In this study we assess the utility of ¹³⁷Cs for determining rates of floodplain sedimentation in a dry-tropical catchment in central Queensland, Australia. Floodplain and reference site cores were analysed in two centimetre increments, depth profiles were produced and total ¹³⁷Cs inventories calculated from the detailed profile data. Information on the rates of ¹³⁷Cs migration through local soils was obtained from the reference site soil cores. This data was used in an advection–diffusion model to account of ¹³⁷Cs mobility in floodplain sediment cores. This allowed sedimentation rates to be determined without the first year of detection for ¹³⁷Cs being known and without having to assume that ¹³⁷Cs remains immobile following deposition. Caesium-137 depth profiles in this environment are demonstrated to be an effective way of determining floodplain sedimentation rates. The total ¹³⁷Cs inventory approach was found to be less successful, with only one of the three sites analysed being in unequivocal agreement with the depth profile results. The input of sediment from catchment sources that have little, or no, ¹³⁷Cs attached results in true depositional sites having total inventories that are not significantly different from those of undisturbed reference sites.     

电除尘器的设计与探讨

介绍了电除尘器的工作原理、结构特性、基本参数和总体设计计算。这种电除尘器可广泛使用于冶金、化工、轻工 ,水泥和矿山等工业部门 ,随着人们对生态环境质量要求的不断提高 ,电除尘器将成为环保的重要设备     

聚四氟乙烯覆膜滤料的特性与应用

介绍了覆膜滤料的特性与应用,覆膜滤料与传统滤料相比较所具有的优点.提出在许多复杂的烟气治理中应大力推广使用覆膜滤料以满足生产要求和达到日益严格的环保排放标准,从而改善环境质量,节能降耗.     

基于超声脉冲法的火灾损伤后混凝土裂纹深度检测

检测或诊断裂纹深度是火灾后混凝土结构受损综合评判的重要依据。开发一种专用的火灾后混凝土裂纹深度检测仪器,是一项填补国内该领域空白的重要研究课题。在研讨和分析超声脉冲法检测混凝土表面损伤裂纹深度的单面平测法、逐层穿透法和损伤层厚度判定3种测试方法的基础上,笔者设计开发了一种超声测试诊断仪,采用高精度计时电路、传感器驱动电路和自动增益电路,提高了仪器计时精度和抗干扰性。经对多组火灾损伤后的结构混凝土试件的测试,获取了6组共60个声时数据,用给出的方法进行了计算,得出的裂纹深度值与观察结果能较好地吻合。理论与实测表明,提出的裂纹检测方法和开发出的测试仪器具有实用性。     

矿井水源判别的GA-SVM模型研究

作为水在岩体中流动通道的渗透结构面,微观上表现出不连续性和高度的非线性等特点,因此,矿井充水水源具有不确定性、非线性。传统水化学判别分析方法往往难以准确地描述这种复杂的非线性特征,因而对矿井水源进行准确判别尚存在一定的困难。在传统SVM(Support Vector Machine,SVM)的基础上,利用遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)对传统SVM进行优化,克服了传统SVM模型参数选取经验化的弊端,并利用该方法对开磷集团马路坪矿几种水源的6个化学样本进行训练,建立了GA-SVM模型。实例分析表明,该模型判别结果与实际情况相符合,表明该模型在矿井水源判别中具有良好的实用性和有效性。     

吕梁矿区薄层灰岩突水判别研究

吕梁矿区某矿山西组煤层受奥陶系灰岩含水层和太原组灰岩含水层高承压水威胁,工作面回采时发生了底板突水.为了快速、准确判别突水水源类型,分析突水原因并制定合理的治理措施,采用灰色关联度法分析水质关联度,利用弹塑性理论计算了煤层采动后底板最大破坏深度,分析了隔水层厚度及岩性组合的隔水性能.分析结果表明,煤层底板隔水层厚度平均26m,且软岩所占比例达到62.18％,灰色关联度分析突水水源接近太原组灰岩水,底板最大破坏深度26.7m,距离煤壁22.4m,与实际突水点吻合,判断突水水源为太原组灰岩水.     

多拉纳萨依金矿床地球化学晕的数据处理及其找矿意义

多拉纳萨依原生金矿床,属于非石英脉型。该矿床金的成矿元素组合主要为Au-Bi-W-Ag,其原生与次生晕指示元素组合分别为Au-Ag-Bi-Sb-Mo-W-As和Au-Ag-Bi-Sb-Mo-W-As-Hg,两者具相似性。Au,As,Sb,Cu,Pb的分布型式在原生晕和次生晕中基本相同。次生晕应由原生晕或原生矿化体等元素引起,因此可直接根据次生异常场找寻与确定原生矿化体。