珠江源区小黄泥河流域地表水水化学组成特征及控制因素

为研究小黄泥河流域地表水水化学组成特征及离子来源,服务小黄泥河流域水资源管理,系统采集了小黄泥河干流及支流河水和矿坑水样品,综合利用Piper三线图、Gibbs图解、离子比例系数和数理统计等方法,分析了小黄泥河河水的水化学组成、空间分布特征和主要控制因素,并评估了不同来源对溶质的贡献率.结果表明,小黄泥河流域河水pH值...     

成都盆地浅层土壤中砷来源的多元统计分析

对成都盆地3 061个浅层土壤样品以元素为变量进行砷回归分析,在回归模型的基础上进行R型因子分析,并选取因子载荷较大的元素作为特征元素组合。在结合元素地球化学性质、区域地质背景和因子得分等值线图的基础上,根据特征元素组合来研究砷的来源。研究结果表明:成都盆地浅层土壤中砷的来源有6种,其中龙门山一带晚三叠纪、侏罗纪、白垩纪沉积岩系和酸性岩浆岩及基性岩、超基性岩是成都盆地浅层土壤的主要来源。相对于后期人类作用而言,自然作用对成都盆地土壤中砷分布特征的影响占主导地位。     

Application of CCME Water Quality Index to Monitor Water Quality: A Case Study of the Mackenzie River Basin, Canada

All six ecosystem initiatives evolved from many years of federal, provincial, First Nation, local government and community attention to the stresses on sensitive habitats and species, air and water quality, and the consequent threats to community livability. This paper assesses water quality aspect for the ecosystem initiatives and employs newly developed Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) which provides a convenient mean of summarizing complex water quality data that can be easily understood by the public, water distributors, planners, managers and policy makers. The CCME WQI incorporates three elements: Scope – the number of water quality parameters (variables) not meeting water quality objectives (F ₁); Frequency – the number of times the objectives are not met (F ₂); and Amplitude. the extent to which the objectives are not met (F ₃). The index produces a number between 0 (worst) to 100 (best) to reflect the water quality. This study evaluates water quality of the Mackenzie – Great Bear sub-basin by employing two modes of objective functions (threshold values): one based on the CCME water quality guidelines and the other based on site-specific values that were determined by the statistical analysis of the historical data base. Results suggest that the water quality of the Mackenzie-Great Bear sub-basin is impacted by high turbidity and total (mostly particulate) trace metals due to high suspended sediment loads during the open water season. Comments are also provided on water quality and human health issues in the Mackenzie basin based on the findings and the usefulness of CCME water quality guidelines and site specific values.     

中国实施流域生态系统管理面临的机遇和挑战

流域生态系统管理是基于流域综合管理模式，应用生态系统方法。通过具体的行动、过程和实践。促进和实现流域的可持续发展。随着流域生态学的发展和流域管理实践经验的丰富。流域管理也更侧重于生态系统的管理。总结已有研究。流域生态系统管理应该包括但不限于以下内容：注重流域生态系统特征、流域复合系统管理、加强机构能力建设、采用适应性管理的方法、人类的价值对于实现流域管理目标的重要性、多学科方法和多种管理手段的运用、加强信息能力建设、注重制定流域中长期规划。分析表明。通过国内外交流与合作。中国正在不断引进和学习有关流域生态系统管理的理念和方法，并总结经验。在实践中探索，这为中国实施流域生态系统管理提供了难得的机遇。但仍存在许多障碍。主要有：探索中国流域综合管理新机制和新体制、法制保障不足、生态极限与生存极限之间的冲突、对市场机制的运用不够、分区研究不够、适应性管理能力不足、流域信息建设不够。由于机构能力建设的重要性，本文试以机构为主线。探索流域生态系统管理在中国的实现。     

利用累积NDVI估算黄河流域年蒸散量

地表蒸散的准确估算在流域水资源的评价、干旱监测及农作物产量模拟研究中很重要,论文通过建立年蒸散量与累积NDVI及相对湿润指数之间的关系,利用1982～2000年8km分辨率的AVHRRNDVI资料及月平均气温和月降水量资料,对黄河流域近20年来地表蒸散的时空分布进行了分析,并利用水文站径流观测资料对估算结果进行了检验。结果表明,黄河流域多年平均年蒸散量是389mm,年际间变化很大,空间分布格局是东南部蒸散量最大,其次是兰州以上区间,宁蒙河段及鄂尔多斯高原蒸散量最小;全流域平均蒸散估算误差比较小,吻合比较好。     

PENN STATE URBAN RUNOFF MODEL TO PINPOINT FLOOD PEAK SOURCE LOCATION1

ABSTRACT: The Penn State Urban Runoff Model, developed in 1976, is described in this paper. Aside from locating infiltration and detention basin operation in an unconventional manner, the model includes a peak flow presentation table which identifies watershed subareas chiefly responsible for the occurrence of flooding conditions at certain points in the watershed. The results of a case study on an urban drainage basin in the Philadelphia area is discussed, and preferred sites for retention ponds are suggested. The simplicity of the Penn State model is pointed out and computer run costs between 10 and 20 percent of the corresponding cards for HEC-I and SWMM are cited.     

鄱阳湖流域环境治理的公共政策分析

随着江西省工业化进程的加快,鄱阳湖流域正承受着日益严重环境污染和生态破坏.然而,工业化是江西省实现经济腾飞的必然选择,可以预计,鄱阳湖流域必将面临沉重的环境压力.本文基于公共政策分析的视角,探讨了实现鄱阳湖流域环境良治的政策选择与条件支撑.     

LUMP SUM TAX LOSS REIMBURSEMENT UNDER THE THAMES RIVER FLOOD CONTROL COMPACT1

ABSTRACT: Under the terms of the Thames River Valley Flood Control Compact, Connecticut has been paying Massachusetts 40 percent of the annual property tax losses suffered by seven Massachusetts towns where four flood control structures were located. The permissable alternative of a single lump sum payment was investigated in the study summarized here. The lump sum payment should be the proportion of total benefits (flood control and recreation) from the four structures which Connecticut receives, multiplied by the present value of projected tax losses in the seven tom Flood control benefits and their distribution between the two states were fixed in the Compact, but a survey was necessary to determine recreational benefits and their distribution. Regression analysis of 1957 to 1978 tax loss data provided equations used to project future tax losses. Resent values of projected tax low were calculated using discount rates ranging from 6 to 12 percent. A plausible range of lump sum reinbursements as of 1979 was identified.     

An examination of community flood warning systems: Are we providing the right assistance?

The technology transfer of flood warning systems offers a large potential for reducing human losses and property damage in flood-prone regions; much of the technology and methodology is readily transferable from developed countries and “appropriate” for developing countries. This paper examines some community folk warning systems in the United States that could be incorporated into a rational strategy for technology transfer. It discusses why official organized systems should not be relied on completely and how participation in and transfer of highly cost-effective and reliable community warning systems by development assistance agencies could greatly benefit the people as well as the governments of developing countries.     

USE OF STREAMFLOW INCREASES FROM VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN THE VERDE RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Although the effects of vegetation management on streamflow have been studied in many locations, the effects of augmented streamflow on downstream water users have not been carefully analyzed. This study examines the routing of streamflow increases that could be produced in the Verde River Basin of Arizona. Reservoir management and water routing to users in the Salt River Valley around Phoenix were carefully modeled. Simulation of water routing with and without vegetation modification indicates that, under current institutional conditions, less than one-half of the streamflow increase would reach consumptive users as surface water. Most of the remainder would accumulate in storage until a year of unusually heavy runoff, when it would add to reservoir spills. Under alternative scenarios, from 39 to 58 percent of the streamflow increase was delivered to consumptive users.