小煤矿透水事故分析及预防

通过对乡镇小煤矿透水事故典型案例分析,得出其事故发生原因主要在于从业人员素质较差、内部管理混乱、技术装备力量薄弱和行业主管部门监督不力。因此,煤矿防治水害要坚持以防为主。同时,提出不仅要从辨识透水征兆、留设防水煤柱、规范探放水安全距离、组建探放水机构等技术方面上,还要加强从业人员培训、编制防灾救援预案、行业主管部门监督等方面采取措施。另外,还提出"防、堵、疏、排、截"5项综合治理措施。     

民国时期川东北灾荒严重的社会因素

民国时期川东北地区的干旱、洪水、滑坡、泥石流等灾害频发,范围广,灾情较严重,危害大。除自然因素外,各种社会因素对灾荒的严重程度也有直接影响。在军阀混战、赋税繁重、政治腐败、土匪横行的大背景下,政府防灾、救灾水平较为低下,民间赈灾杯水车薪,灾后恢复难度大。整体上防灾、救灾水平较低,人祸不亚于天灾。     

层次分析法在重庆某县地质灾害危险性评价中的应用

文章针对重庆市某县地质环境条件、发育特征等特性,选取了地层岩性、斜坡结构类型、坡度、坡高、降雨量、结构面、人类工程活动等7个因素作为地质灾害危险性评价因子,通过层次分析法确定评价因子权重,并采用专家系统法赋值,建立了该县地质灾害危险性评价模型。通过划分评价单元及利用危险性评价模型,将该县地质灾害危险性分为危险性大区、危险性中等区和危险性小区。研究成果对相似地区地质灾害危险性的划分也提供了一定的借鉴意义。     

富安茧丝绸清洁生产实例分析

通过对富安茧丝绸清洁生产审计的实例分析，总结出了清洁生产审计，增加了企业的经济效益，降低了生产成本，提高了产品质量，减少了污染物排放。     

Pigou meets Mirrlees: On the irrelevance of tax distortions for the second-best Pigouvian tax

This paper extends the Mirrlees (1971) model of optimal income redistribution with optimal corrective taxes to internalize consumption externalities. Using general utility structures and exploring both linear and non-linear taxes, it is demonstrated that the optimal second-best tax on an externality-generating good should not be corrected for the marginal cost of public funds, since it equals one in the optimal tax system. In the optimum, distortions of income taxes are equal to marginal redistributional gains. If the government does not have access to a non-distortionary marginal source of finance, the marginal cost of public funds can be either larger or smaller than one depending on subjective preferences for income redistribution. The optimal second-best corrective tax is then either higher or lower than the Pigouvian level. The findings in this paper generalize and amend prior results based on representative-agent models, shedding new light on the weak double-dividend hypothesis, and on the welfare gains of recycling revenue from environmental taxes.     

Emergy analysis applied to the estimation of the recovery of costs for water services under the European Water Framework Directive

In this paper, the European Union's Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) that is intended to foster protection of water resources is examined, focusing on the improvement of ecological and chemical quality of surface and groundwater. The WFD includes the concept of full cost recovery (FCR) in accordance with the Polluter-Pays Principle, as one of the tools of an adequate and sustainable water resource management system. The WFD defines three different costs associated with water: resource costs (RC), financial costs (FC), and environmental costs (ECs).The FCR of water is examined from a biophysical perspective using emergy evaluation to: (1) establish resource values of water from different sources, (2) establish the full economic costs associated with supplying water, and (3) the societal costs of water that is used incorrectly; from which the resource costs, financial costs, and environmental costs, respectively, can be computed. Financial costs are the costs associated with providing water including energy, materials, labor and infrastructure. The emergy based monetary values vary between 0.15 and 1.73 €/m³ depending on technology. The emergy based, global average resource value (from which resource costs can be computed) is derived from two aspects of water: its chemical potential and its geopotential. The chemical potential monetary value of different sources such as rain, groundwater, and surface water derived from global averages of emergy inputs varies from 0.03 to 0.18 €/m³, depending on source, and the geopotential values vary from 0.03 to 2.40 €/m³, depending on location in the watershed. The environmental costs of water were averaged for the county of Spain and were 1.42 €/m³.Time of year and spatial location within the watershed ultimately influence the resource costs (computed from emergy value of chemical potential and geopotential energy) of water. To demonstrate this spatial and temporal variability, a case study is presented using the Foix watershed in northeastern Spain. Throughout the year, the resource value of water varies from 0.21 to 3.17 €/m³, depending on location within the watershed. It is concluded that FCR would benefit from the evaluation of resource costs using spatially and temporally explicit emergy accounting.     

Use of an Action‐Selection Framework for Human‐Carnivore Conflict in the Bangladesh Sundarbans

Abstract: Human–carnivore conflict is manifested in the death of humans, livestock, and carnivores. The resulting negative local attitudes and retribution killings imperil the future of many endangered carnivores. We tailored existing management tools to create a framework to facilitate the selection of actions to alleviate human–carnivore conflict and applied the framework to the human–tiger conflict in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. We identified potential actions that consider previous management efforts, local knowledge, cost‐effectiveness, fieldwork experience of authors and project staff, previous research on tiger ecology by the authors, and recommendations from human–carnivore conflict studies in other countries. Our framework includes creation of a profile to improve understanding of the nature of the conflict and its underlying causality. Identified actions include deterrents, education, direct tiger management, and response teams. We ranked actions by their potential to reduce conflict and the monetary cost of their implementation. We ranked tiger‐response teams and monitoring problem tigers as the two best actions because both had relatively high impact and cost‐effectiveness. We believe this framework could be used under a wide range of human–wildlife conflict situations because it provides a structured approach to selection of mitigating actions.     

有机肥与化肥的生产能耗、投入成本和环境效益比较分析——以污泥堆肥生产有机肥为例

针对目前国内肥料生产和施用现状,分别从能耗、成本和污染物排放等三个方面对有机肥和化肥进行比较分析。化肥生产呈现高能耗和高污染排放,而有机肥则表现为低能耗、无污染的特点,同时还可消纳废弃物,减轻污染负荷。从投入成本上分析,化肥相对于有机肥具有一定优势,其单位面积和折纯养分投入分别是有机肥的53%和26%。有机肥相对于化肥,其污染物排放负荷很低。从节能减排和降低投入的角度,提出支持基于废弃物资源化的有机肥产业化发展。     

粤北天井山国家森林公园三种林木在2008年特大冰雪灾害后的恢复

自2008年5月至2009年8月（共480 d）,对遭受2008年特大冰雪灾害的广东省北部天井山国家森林公园中受灾点（海拔700 m）和未受灾点（海拔550 m）的3种植物：樟树（Cinnamomum camphora）、荷木（Schima superba）和罗浮栲（CastanopsisFagaceae）进行对比实验。选择生理指标为：光系统II最大光化学量子效率（Fv/Fm）、比叶面积（SLA）、叶干物质重（LDMC）、单位叶面积氮含量（Na）、单位叶面积多酚含量（Phena）。研究结果显示：3受灾种Fv/Fm均无下降;受灾罗浮栲、荷木的其他各指标在300 d后已恢复至正常水平,而受灾樟树的各生理指标在300 d后仍显著低于正常（p〈0.1）;受灾樟树的生长模式由快速生长型改变为积累营养型。研究表明：（1）雪灾损伤对光系统II没有累积效果;（2）雪灾造成的冠层改变对中下林层的营养物质分配有影响;（3）作为人工栽培种的樟树,较自然生长种需要更长的灾后恢复期。     

基于自然保护区属性的管理成本分析

从自然保护区的管理成本构成入手,分析了自然保护区属性对不同尺度上管理成本的影响方式,在分类总结自然保护区管理成本的分析方法基础上,提出基于自然保护区属性的管理成本分析流程。该研究结果可为准确掌握自然保护区管理成本规模与构成、科学评估与预测资金投入后的使用效率与保护效果提供支持,并可为揭示自然保护区复合生态系统格局与过程提供新思路。