水稻生产气象灾害危险性分析：—以湖南省常德市水稻生产为例

本文通过对研究区水稻气象灾害规律的研究和危险性评价,计算了不同等级的水稻综合风险率,为保险部门制定水稻保险费率提供了科学依据.     

自然灾害保险的委托─代理模型

灾害保险是筹措防灾救灾资金的重要手段．本文运用委托-代理理论建立了自然灾害的保险模型,对自然灾害的最优保险合同和保险费率进行了研究,为开展自然灾害的保险业务提供了理论依据．     

干旱、农业旱灾与农户旱灾脆弱性分析——以邢台县典型农户为例

从微观农户角度分析了干旱、农业旱灾和农户旱灾脆弱性的成因。文章认为,自然降水不足或与作物需求匹配不均是造成农业干旱的动力,农户对干旱的应付能力不足是导致干旱成灾的原因。这种应付能力既受区域水资源可利用量的限制,也与农户的作物种植结构、灌溉支付能力、风险认识和对农业的依赖程度有关。农户旱灾脆弱性既与农业干旱有关,又受到人均资源和收入、种植和消费结构、生态环境质量、政策、市场价格等多重因素的作用。最脆     

瑞利波探测公路施工隧道地质灾害的可行性分析

瑞利波探测是一种原位测试的工程地震探测技术,其频散曲线的变化与地下地质条件存在联系,通过频散曲线的特征识别,可得到探测方向上一定范围内的地质构造情况;瑞利波在介质中的传播速度与介质的工程物理特性有关,据此可对探测范围内岩土的物理力学性质做出评价.本文针对公路隧道施工过程中普遍存在的地质问题,结合瑞利波的探测原理,论述了瑞利波探测公路隧道施工地质灾害的可行性.     

城市地区毒气扩散事故数值模拟

在城市人口密集区域，一旦发生重大危险气体泄露事故，周围居民将处境危险。由于城市特殊的街道街谷影响，用普通的方法难以精确计算出场的时空分布，大涡模拟（Large Eddy Simulation）虽然较为精确，但对计算机计算能力要求较高。针对于此，可以通过一些方法，例如贴体网格分析、卫星遥感技术，局部网格加密技术，改进大涡模型的计算条件，考虑泄漏事故一旦发生时，道路、房屋、气候对于气体扩散的影响，对事故的致灾机理从动力学的角度进行研究。在箅例中，通过分析城市地区庙会时的一起事故．模拟气体扩散浓度的时空分布，得出城市地区各个地区的不同受灾程度。通过算例我们看到，数值模拟能够为进一步安全规划、灾害预防、应急反应提供决策支持．     

中国经济增长对碳排放的影响分析

通过相关分析探讨了中国国内生产总值(GDP)的增长与碳排放量的关系.结果表明,二者有明显的相关性(R2＝0.958 1).进一步研究认为,由于中国投资率在35%～40%以上,且工业增加值占GDP的比重超过50%,因此中国过分依赖投资的经济增长方式和以第二产业(工业)为主的经济结构在很大程度上是导致温室气体排放量增加的主要原因.未来在全球化背景下,经济增长可转变为更多地依靠科技创新、技术进步和制度的改进,因此,调整经济增长方式和产业结构,可以在保持发展经济的同时,使碳排放强度呈逐渐下降的趋势.     

三峡库区地质灾害监测技术及展望

笔者综述了三峡库区地质灾害监测技术的应用现状。在论述当前地质灾害监测技术存在的问题的基础上,提出了新型的基于Internet的地质灾害远程、集中监测系统,并详细讨论了该技术的原理、结构、应用前景以及功能完善和发展方向。新型安全监测系统的使用可有效防止库区地质灾害的发生,控制其潜在危害;提高库区整体预警管理水平,有效增强防灾减灾能力;显著降低库区安全监测系统运行成本。     

郑州市地下空间开发利用的岩土工程安全问题

城市地下空间的开发利用受到岩土工程条件的制约,地下工程实施的可能性和安全性对岩土工程条件有高度的依赖性。以郑州地区遇到的情况为例,讨论了区域稳定性、岩土体稳定性、地下水、地震地质作用、土的工程性质等方面对城市地下空间开发利用安全性的影响,对城市地下工程的岩土工程勘察问题进行了论述。笔者的研究,对郑州市地下空间开发中地质灾害的减轻和预防有一定指导意义。     

Arts as a vehicle for community building and post‐disaster development

Use of the arts in international aid is common in an ad hoc form, but it has not been systematically theorised or evaluated. The arts have the potential to be a culturally contextualised and sustainable intervention for adults and children in the aftermath of war or disaster. On the micro level, the arts are a method to enable the retrieval and reprocessing of traumatic memories that are often encoded in images rather than in words. On a macro level, they can help to reconstruct a group narrative of a disaster as well as mobilise people back into control of their lives. This paper researches a long‐term project using arts in Sri Lanka following the civil war and tsunami. A central finding is the need to understand arts within their cultural context, and their usefulness in strengthening the voices and problem‐solving capacities of the victims of the disaster.     

Environmental cost of using poor decision metrics to prioritize environmental projects

Conservation decision makers commonly use project‐scoring metrics that are inconsistent with theory on optimal ranking of projects. As a result, there may often be a loss of environmental benefits. We estimated the magnitudes of these losses for various metrics that deviate from theory in ways that are common in practice. These metrics included cases where relevant variables were omitted from the benefits metric, project costs were omitted, and benefits were calculated using a faulty functional form. We estimated distributions of parameters from 129 environmental projects from Australia, New Zealand, and Italy for which detailed analyses had been completed previously. The cost of using poor prioritization metrics (in terms of lost environmental values) was often high—up to 80% in the scenarios we examined. The cost in percentage terms was greater when the budget was smaller. The most costly errors were omitting information about environmental values (up to 31% loss of environmental values), omitting project costs (up to 35% loss), omitting the effectiveness of management actions (up to 9% loss), and using a weighted‐additive decision metric for variables that should be multiplied (up to 23% loss). The latter 3 are errors that occur commonly in real‐world decision metrics, in combination often reducing potential benefits from conservation investments by 30–50%. Uncertainty about parameter values also reduced the benefits from investments in conservation projects but often not by as much as faulty prioritization metrics.