一种PM_(2.5)辅助监测系统的设计与实现

为解决目前国内外PM2.5监测仪器价格昂贵,运行成本高,单点负责区域大,监测点少的问题,提出以国家监测网络为基础,以低成本、高精度为特点的PM2.5辅助监测方法。系统采用DSM501A作为PM2.5浓度采集传感器,完成粒子数量浓度到质量浓度的转换,通过在一定区域内布置监测终端,并借助于GPRS网络和参数曲面构建方法,建立了一定区域内PM2.5质量浓度网络图,填补了国家监测点间的监测盲区,并利用高斯消元法建立了从历史数据到未来浓度的预测算法。实验结果表明:实测数据与国家监测点数据基本一致,具有广阔的应用前景。     

截断阀室水淹后管道沉降的防护技术研究

为了保证长输天然气管道的安全运行,需要对其截断阀室遭受水淹后管道的不均匀沉降行为进行研究。应用ANSYS软件建立了管土非线性接触模型,通过对其进行分析建立了沉降量与最大Von Mises应力和椭圆度之间的映射关系,结果表明:不均匀沉降对管道强度的影响更明显,二者间基本呈线性关系,最大Von Mises应力随着沉降量的增大而增大,根据第四强度理论便可确定管道失效时的极限沉降量。同时还探讨了管径、内压、壁厚、埋深对管道应力状态的影响,降低内压、增大壁厚以及减小埋深和管径均可降低不均匀沉降时管道的最大Von Mises应力,但其中管径和壁厚的变化对管道最大Von Mises应力的影响更为显著。预期研究结果可以为山区管道的实时监测与防护措施制定提供一定的技术支持。     

光纤光栅(FBG)传感器在尾矿库在线监测中的应用

光纤光栅(FGB)传感器已经广泛应用于水利工程监测中,在尾矿库在线监测系统中的应用也在逐步增多。为提高某尾矿库在线监测系统的抗干扰和运行稳定性,某尾矿库在线监测系统工程采用以光纤光栅传感器作为主要采集设备。应用结果表明:光纤光栅传感设备的突出优点是运行稳定性好、抗干扰能力强,测量精度满足使用要求;明显不足是安装条件要求高,前期投入较高。     

软岩大变形巷道支护技术及应用

针对三门峡铝土矿软岩巷道大变形难支护的问题,综合现场工程地质调查、软岩水理作用测试、现场测试等手段和方法,对该地区巷道破坏模式和失稳机理进行详细分析,提出了锚喷-砌碹相结合的互补支护技术。按照互补支护参数建立数值模型并进行稳定性分析,数值计算结果表明在此支护方式下巷道各部位围岩收敛变形控制良好,且支护后围岩安全系数较之前明显提高。将新支护方案进行工程试验,巷道变形监测数据表明,支护后的巷道变形得到了良好的控制,混凝土喷层未出现裂缝,围岩变形速度迅速减小;锚喷10天后围岩变形基本稳定,此时进行二次砌碹支护效果最好,可以保证巷道的长期稳定。     

塔机安全监控与评估系统开发及应用

目前中国由于建设项目繁多,在役塔机数量急剧上升,若不加强监管和提升控制手段,安全事故隐患会随着塔机数量的增加剧增。本文对塔机安全事故发生的主要原因进行了分析,介绍了塔机安全监控和评估系统的技术现状,对一种新研发的塔机安全监控与评估系统做了简要阐述。同时通过对试点工程的应用,指出了本塔机安全监控和评估系统的优势,为塔机的安全作业监控提供了一个新的技术方法和手段。     

基于降雨事件监测的非点源污染对灞河水质的影响

在对灞河马渡王水文站断面5次降雨事件过程和2次非洪水过程监测的基础上,分析了灞河流域非点源污染对灞河水质的影响.结果表明:降雨过程期间,COD、总氮、氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮、总磷指标监测平均值均小于非洪水期监测平均值.各指标负荷输移速率随时间的变化趋势和径流量变化趋势大体相同,即先逐渐增大达到峰值,再逐渐变小;各指标浓度随时间的变化规律大致为:COD、硝氮、总氮浓度先增大后减小;亚硝氮为先减小后增大,总磷的变化规律不明显.总氮、硝氮的浓度峰和负荷输移速率峰均接近或滞后于流量峰;COD的浓度峰接近或滞后于流量峰,而负荷输移速率峰接近或超前于流量峰;总磷、氨氮的浓度峰和负荷输移速率峰均接近或超前于流量峰;而亚硝氮的浓度峰变化规律不明显,负荷输移速率峰接近或超前于流量峰.采用平均浓度法计算了各指标的非点源污染平均浓度及负荷:2009年灞河流域马渡王断面COD、总氮、氨氮、总磷的非点源污染负荷分别为8707.28,723.63,245.52,43.07t.2009年灞河流域马渡王断面NSP负荷COD、总氮、氨氮、总磷所占总负荷相应的比例分别为31.86%、32.69%、42.21%、34.42%.由此可见,非点源污染在灞河水污染中占有较大比重,其对于灞河水质的影响不容忽视.     

The barriers to environmental sustainability in post‐disaster settings: a case study of transitional shelter implementation in Haiti

Disaster recovery operations that do not account for environmental sustainability (ES) risk exacerbating the impact of the disaster and hindering long‐term recovery efforts. Yet aid agencies do not always consider ES. This research is a case study of the recovery that followed the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Using timber and concrete procurement as proxies for broader post‐disaster operations, research examined perceptions of ES as well as attempts at and barriers to incorporating it into programming. Identified barriers can be grouped into two categories: (1) prioritisations and perceptions within the disaster response sector that resulted in limited enthusiasm for incorporating ES into programming, and (2) structural and organisational barriers within the disaster response framework that impeded ES attempts and served as a further disincentive to incorporating ES into programming. As a result of those barriers, incorporation of ES was sporadic and inconsistent and often depended on the capacity and motivation of specific implementers.     

The adoption of a Climate Disaster Resilience Index in Chennai,India

Results derived from the Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI)—consisting of five dimensions (economic, institutional, natural, physical, and social), 25 parameters, and 125 variables—reflect the abilities of people and institutions to respond to potential climate‐related disasters in Chennai, India. The findings of this assessment, applied in the 10 administrative zones of the city, reveal that communities living in the northern and older parts of Chennai have lower overall resilience as compared to the flourishing areas (vis‐à‐vis economic growth and population) along the urban fringes. The higher resilience of communities along the urban fringes suggests that urbanisation may not necessarily lead to a deterioration of basic urban services, such as electricity, housing, and water. This indication is confirmed by a strong statistical correlation between physical resilience and population growth in Chennai. The identification of the resilience of different urban areas of Chennai has the potential to support future planning decisions on the city's scheduled expansion.     

The feasibility of concentrated rural settlement in a context of post‐disaster reconstruction: a study of China

There is growing appreciation of the use of concentrated rural settlement as an effective means of implementing infrastructure projects and helping to achieve sustainable development in rural areas. This occurs in China through the exchange of rural residential land for urban construction. However, this policy has not been effective under normal circumstances (called development‐driven conditions) as frequently farmers are reluctant to accept such an exchange. By contrast, in a time of disaster, such as after the 2008 earthquake in Sichuan Province, China, rural victims have accepted this policy of rural residential land exchange. Employing game theory, this paper identifies the reasons for the different outcomes and it contends that the implementation of concentrated rural settlement practice under disaster‐induced conditions is more effective than its introduction under development‐driven conditions. The results of the analysis indicate that, in China, concentrated rural settlement is feasible in a context of post‐disaster reconstruction.     

Classification of residential areas according to physical vulnerability to natural hazards: a case study of Çanakkale,Turkey

The selection of new settlement areas and the construction of safe buildings, as well as rendering built‐up areas safe, are of great importance in mitigating the damage caused by natural disasters. Most cities in Turkey are unprepared for natural hazards. In this paper, Çanakkale, located in a first‐degree seismic zone and sprawled around the Sartçay Delta, is examined in terms of its physical vulnerability to natural hazards. Residential areas are analysed using GIS (geographic information system) and remote‐sensing technologies in relation to selected indicators. Residential areas of the city are divided into zones according to an evaluation of geological characteristics, the built‐up area's features, and urban infrastructure, and four risk zones are determined. The results of the analysis show that the areas of the city suitable for housing are very limited. In addition, the historical centre and the housing areas near Sartçay stream are shown to be most problematic in terms of natural disasters and sustainability.