废物利用发展油田助剂

油田开发需要大量的化学助剂,由于昂贵的价格影响了成本。为减少耗资,吉林油田利用化工产品的下脚料和煤矸石等研制并合成了油田的化学助剂,例如增产剂、ＣＥＡ解堵剂、吗啉驱油剂、ＰＳ增油剂,以及堵水剂ＨＰＡＮ等。将其应用于生产,保护了生态环境,减少了环境污染,节省了大量资金。为油田废物再利用打开了极其广阔的应用市场。     

航空遥感技术在大连海滨污染调查中的应用

本文以大连市污染最严重海域的实际及航空遥感图象的综合解译，最终得出其不污染范围及污染程度等结论，为污水的治理、控制、监测及研究海洋自净能力等诸多诸多领域提供数学依据。实践证明，航空遥感技术是海洋环境监测的一种有效手段。     

送风速度对多热源置换通风影响的数值模拟

通过建立多污染热源置换通风的三维数学模型,根据数值解分析送风速度对多污染源置换通风效果(热力分层高度、垂直温度梯度等)的影响,结果表明:送风速度的变化对多污染热源置换通风效果的影响是很大的。     

Sex pheromones and their potential role in the evolution of reproductive isolation in small ermine moths (Yponomeutidae)

Summary Sex pheromone communication in the nine European species of small ermine moths (Yponomeuta) is reviewed in regard to the potential role of pheromones in the speciation process. Six of the nine species studied (viz.,Y. evonymellus, Y. cagnagellus, Y. padellus, Y. irrorellus, Y. plumbellus, andY. vigintipunctatus) use a mixture of (E)-11-and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate in different ratios as primary pheromone components, with combinations of tetradecyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols of the acetates as additional pheromone components. Analysis of (Z)- to (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ratios produced by individual females of these species demonstrated significant variation among females of all species. However, the ranges of ratios produced byY. cagnagellus, Y. irrorellus, andY. plumbellus, sharing the same host-plant species, spindle tree, did not overlap. Niche separation of all six species mentioned required consideration of at least one additional pheromone component or of temporal aspects. The remaining three species,i.e. Y. malinellus, Y. mahalebellus andY. rorellus, have pheromones that differ qualitatively.Biosynthetic routes to the pheromone components identified are proposed on the basis of fatty acid pheromone precursors found in the pheromone glands. A phylogenetic tree for the genus is constructed based on allozyme frequency data and changes in pheromone composition are superimposed on this tree. We suggest that the ancestral ermine moth pheromone is a mixture of (Z)-11- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols, and a scenario of how present-day patterns evolved is outlined. The pheromone differences among the three species using spindle tree as their host-plant might have evolved throughreproductive character displacement upon secondary contact between populations that had already diverged genetically in allopatry. Pheromone differences within the so-calledpadellus-complex (includingY. cagnagellus, Y. mahalebellus, Y. malinellus, Y. padellus, andY. rorellus) in which species might have originated sympatrically, may have evolved byreinforcing selection as these species still hybridise and produce viable offspring when confined in cages. The role of pheromones in reproductive isolation amongYponomeuta species is emphasised by (1) the function of pheromone components of some of the species as behavioural antagonists to other species, (2) the cross-attraction under experimental conditions between allochronic species with similar pheromones, and (3) the formation of hybrids in the laboratory between species that are isolated in nature by pheromone differences.     

基于有限元的局部突变位移载荷下埋地管道力学分析

冻土融沉、盐渍土溶陷等地质灾害会导致局部土壤产生一定位移,对埋地长输管道安全性构成威胁。为保障埋地管道的安全运行,建立了局部突变型位移载荷作用下埋地管道力学分析模型,采用非线性土弹簧描述管土相互作用,分析了局部突变区域长度及突变位移量对埋地管道受力的影响。研究结果表明:因局部突变区长度与突变位移量的不同,管道存在3种受力状态,当局部突变区域长度大于临界突变区长度时,管道轴心应变与弯曲应变在突变区域内不产生耦合,此时在突变区域两端可等效为2个垂直正断层,即为第一种受力状态;当突变区域长度小于临界突变区长度时,随着突变位移的增加,管道应变随之增加,管道轴心应变与弯曲应变在突变区域内不断叠加,即为第二种受力状态;在第二种受力状态基础上,当突变位移大于临界突变位移时,管道应变不再发生变化,管道等效为受到垂向均布荷载的作用,即为第三种受力状态。研究结果可为工程中管道穿越地质灾害区域的设计提供参考。     

上保护层开采对下部特厚煤层移动变形规律及保护效果考察研究

选取海石湾煤矿特厚煤层6124工作面为研究对象,为了确定上保护层开采对下部特厚煤层6124工作面的影响,运用FLAC3D软件对上保护层开采后被保护层应力和位移变化规律进行了数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:被保护层被保护区域位移沿垂直方向呈“拱形”分布,被保护层最大位移变化量为354 mm,变化范围在160～354 mm之间;被保护层被保护区域的应力变化呈“V”形分布,被保护层最大拉应力变化量为0.489 MPa,变化范围在0.314～0.489 MPa之间,最大压应力变化量为31.3 MPa,变化范围在25.8～31.3 MPa之间;实施上保护层开采后,煤层瓦斯抽采率提高了39.5%,残余瓦斯含量降到7.16 m3/t,残余瓦斯压力降到0.58 MPa,该参数的确定为海石湾煤矿特厚高瓦斯煤层的合理开采提供了一定的理论指导。     

初论地表粗糙度

粗糙度是流体力学引进的一个重要参数,是现代地球表面各种物质流运动研究中不可或缺的一个重要概念。它在定床流动中曾获得巨大的成功,但在动床及所谓零位移较大的粗糙面上,表现出其局限性。文章在系统阐述了空气动力学意义上粗糙度概念的由来及其物理意义;在总结某些学科领域中粗糙度的应用成果基础上,发现对于定床,地表粗糙具有地表阻力系数特性,它比地表物体群落平均高度小一个量级;而对于动床,粗糙度则更具有阻力系数的特性,它与超出临界摩阻之值成正比;至于植被地表的粗糙度则近似于定床,但它要从零平面位移高度算起。因此,地表粗糙度概念的进一步完善应从地表阻力系数和实验研究入手,并加强自然界和室内实验室的观测和实验以获得相应系数的变化规律,最终解决粗糙度本身和流体力学相关的理论和实践问题。     

水下载荷对垂直发射潜航器结构影响仿真研究

目的研究水下载荷对垂直发射潜航器结构的影响。方法采用流体分析软件计算潜航器周围的压力场分布,利用有限元分析软件建立水下潜航器有限元模型,将计算得到的压力场加载到潜航器有限元模型后,仿真计算潜航器在水中向上运动不同时刻的应力和变形。结果随着潜航器的上升,水对弹的轴压影响逐渐减小,潜航器的弯矩和剪切力越来越大。随着潜航器向上运动,其加速度和速度变小,水对潜航器的压力载荷也变小。潜航器发射后,尾部虽然已经不承受发射载荷,但是随着这个载荷的消失,头部的变形逐渐减小。结论由于存在攻角,潜航器在铅垂和水平方向亦有力的分量,从而使潜航器受到的水下载荷更为复杂。     

煤田采空区对地面地震动的影响

研究了煤田采空区对地面地震动的影响以及采空巷道的动应力分布。采空巷道用地表下圆孔来近似模拟,入射波场为造成较大震害的SH波。该问题采用镜像法求解,利用波函数展开和内域型Graf加法公式将解答归结为一组无穷代数方程组的求解,截断该无穷代数方程组可求得该问题的数值结果。最后,通过算例考虑了圆孔的动应力集中和地表动位移。结果表明,圆孔的动应力集中和地表的位移取决于入射波频率、角度和圆孔半径、埋深。该研究结果为煤田采空区的地震安全工作提供有益的参考。     

灾害互斥链研究

灾害互斥链是四种灾害链中的一种。文中讨论了长江和华南暴雨与华北大震之间的互斥关系。认为长江和华南暴雨是华北大震前大范围释放的热汽造成的低压状态吸引副高北移造成的。