Effects of development of wind energy and associated changes in land use on bird densities in upland areas

Wind energy development is the most recent of many pressures on upland bird communities and their habitats. Studies of birds in relation to wind energy development have focused on effects of direct mortality, but the importance of indirect effects (e.g., displacement, habitat loss) on avian community diversity and stability is increasingly being recognized. We used a control-impact study in combination with a gradient design to assess the effects of wind farms on upland bird densities and on bird species grouped by habitat association (forest and open-habitat species). We conducted 506 point count surveys at 12 wind-farm and 12 control sites in Ireland during 2 breeding seasons (2012 and 2013). Total bird densities were lower at wind farms than at control sites, and the greatest differences occurred close to turbines. Densities of forest species were significantly lower within 100 m of turbines than at greater distances, and this difference was mediated by habitat modifications associated with wind-farm development. In particular, reductions in forest cover adjacent to turbines was linked to the observed decrease in densities of forest species. Open-habitat species’ densities were lower at wind farms but were not related to distance from turbines and were negatively related to size of the wind farm. This suggests that, for these species, wind-farm effects may occur at a landscape scale. Our findings indicate that the scale and intensity of the displacement effects of wind farms on upland birds depends on bird species’ habitat associations and that the observed effects are mediated by changes in land use associated with wind-farm construction. This highlights the importance of construction effects and siting of turbines, tracks, and other infrastructure in understanding the impacts of wind farms on biodiversity.     

地面堆载对埋地管道的安全影响分析

为了分析地面堆载对埋地管道安全性的影响,以非线性接触模型为基础,应用ANSYS有限元软件,建立了地面堆载作用下的三维管土相互 作用模型。通过求解模型,探讨了地面堆载的大小、作用位置以及作用尺寸对埋地管道位移、应力和椭圆度的影响。结果表明:管道的应力和 椭圆度随着堆载大小的增大呈线性增大;垂直作用于管道正上方的堆载对管道的强度和稳定性影响较大;当作用应力不变时,与长度相比,堆 载宽度的变化对管道的影响更显著,而当总作用力不变时,增大堆载长度和宽度均可有效降低其对管道安全性的影响。预期研究结果可以为解 决油气管道建设中的安全防护问题提供一定的技术支持。     

某矿村庄下煤柱开采方案研究

为了充分开采村庄下的煤炭资源和缓解矿区采掘接替紧张的矛盾以及延长矿井服务年限,同时又能最大限度地减小地下开采对地表建筑物损害。结合某矿特定的地质采矿条件,根据岩层与地表移动机理,对该矿区地表移动变形的影响因素和工作面推进速度与地表变形的关系进行了分析,得出了该矿13264工作面最佳的推进速度为3.0m/d。应用村庄下压煤开采技术的理论和方法,对该矿区村庄下保护煤柱后期开采方案进行了优化分析,指出:13266工作面顺序开采并能够在较短的时间内开采停止,则顺序开采对地表建筑物的损害程度要小;13264工作面开采通过该矿区村庄以后,下一个工作面通过的时间相隔时间较长,则跳采方式对地表建筑物的损害程度要小。     

ARIMA模型和GM(1,1)与ARMA(p,q)组合模型在滑坡短期预报中的对比分析

滑坡的短期预报研究是当前国内外滑坡领域的重要研究方向之一。在滑坡的中短期时间预报中,基于统计学的预测模型是主要的分析预测工具。采用两种理论上比较成熟的ARIMA模型和GM(1,1)与ARMA(p,q)组合模型来模拟滑坡的累积位移量,并对这两种模型的优缺点以及各自适用条件进行了对比分析。结果表明:两种模型都能较好地拟合滑坡累积位移量时间序列并做出一定精度的预测,但是两种模型的适用条件不同。本研究可为滑坡短期预报提供借鉴和参考。     

基于深部位移监测的渐进推移式滑坡变形传递过程研究

根据巴东县张家屋滑坡的地表位移变化,分析三峡库区高水位运行下,降雨为该滑坡变形的主要影响因素,进一步根据深部（滑带）位移与降雨量的相关性,得出滑带土变形较降雨有一定的滞后性,且滞后时间由后至前逐渐增大,表现出滑带变形由后缘向前缘传递的特征,揭示了渐进推移式滑坡的变形特点,并利用FLAC数值软件模拟了该滑坡在滑体重度逐渐...     

饱水作用对锁固型岩体变形特性影响研究

为了研究饱水作用对锁固型岩体力学性质和变形特性的影响,对干燥与饱水状态下的岩体进行单轴压缩试验,利用数字图像相关方法对岩体加载过程进行非接触式实时变形监测。研究结果表明：饱水作用弱化了岩体的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量;应变场演化特征表明饱水作用增大试件的变形量,但未改变试件的裂纹扩展路径和最终破坏模式;岩桥锁固段剪切裂纹起裂和峰值应力时伴随着应变场分异速率突增,可作为锁固型岩体滑动和失稳破坏的前兆信号,饱水作用对应变场分异速率峰值有削弱作用;通过计算预制裂隙两侧的错动位移,定量揭示岩体失稳过程中岩桥的“锁固效应”。研究结果可为涉水环境下锁固型岩体的稳定性问题和灾变监测提供参考。     

应用磁异常信号监测填埋体位移的技术研究

在比较填埋场内部位移监测方法的基础上,提出利用增强填埋场内目标体所产生的磁异常信号(磁通量密度,以ΔT计)观测填埋体位移的方法. 建立正演模型,研究目标体磁异常信号的理论曲线变化特征及其在不同环境条件下的信号变化规律. 对ΔT实测值分析表明,填埋场环境背景值(-100～100 nT)并不会掩盖特征目标体磁异常信号的最大理论值(724.31～2 804.24 nT),确定了该方法的可行性. 模拟表明,在规定目标体大小、磁化强度的条件下,当目标体埋深为1～2 m时,其水平位置定位误差≤0.02 m,竖直位置定位误差≤0.09 m,证实了磁测定位方法具有良好的应用前景.      

Differences in the kinematics of booster-seated pediatric occupants using two different car seats

Objective: The objective of this article is to compare the performance of forward-facing child restraint systems (CRS) mounted on 2 different seats.

Methods: Two different anthropomorphic test device (ATD) sizes (P3 and P6), using the same child restraint system (a non-ISOFIX high-back booster seat), were exposed to the ECE R44 regulatory deceleration pulse in a deceleration sled. Two different seats (seat A, seat B) were used. Three repetitions per ATD and mounting seat were done, resulting in a total of 12 sled crashes. Dummy sensors measured the head tri-axial acceleration and angular rate and the thorax tri-axial acceleration, all acquired at 10,000 Hz. A high-speed video camera recorded the impact at 1,000 frames per second. The 3D kinematics of the head and torso of the ATDs were captured using a high-speed motion capture system (1,000 Hz). A pair-matched statistical analysis compared the outcomes of the tests using the 2 different seats.

Results: Statistically significant differences in the kinematic response of the ATDs associated with the type of seat were observed. The maximum 3 ms peak of the resultant head acceleration was higher on seat A for the P3 dummy (54.5 ± 1.9 g vs. 44.2 ± 0.5 g; P =.012) and for the P6 dummy (56.0 ± 0.8 g vs. 51.7 ± 1.2 g; P =.015). The peak belt force was higher on seat A than on seat B for the P3 dummy (5,488.0 ± 198.0 N vs. 4,160.6 ± 63.6 N; P =.008) and for the P6 dummy (7,014.0 ± 271.0 N vs. 5,719.3 ± 37.4 N; P =.015). The trajectory of the ATD head was different between the 2 seats in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes.

Conclusion: The results suggest that the overall response of the booster-seated occupant exposed to the same impact conditions was different depending on the seat used regardless of the size of the ATD. The differences observed in the response of the occupants between the 2 seats can be attributed to the differences in cushion stiffness, seat pan geometry, and belt geometry. However, these results were obtained for 2 particular seat models and a specific CRS and therefore cannot be directly extrapolated to the generality of vehicle seats and CRS.     

油气田瓦斯隧道开挖掌子面围岩安全厚度研究

为降低油气田区隧道施工风险，以龙泉山隧道为依托，采用数值模拟方法对隧道开挖掌子面前方围岩安全厚度进行分析，并结合现场监测数据对所得结论进行验证。研究结果表明:隧道施工使隧址区围岩应力重分布，且应力变化与围岩距掌子面距离L有关，当L≤0.75D（D为隧道净高）时，围岩处于应力释放区；当0.75D相似文献