MORPHOLOGIC RESPONSE OF SUBALPINE STREAMS TO TRANSBASIN FLOW DIVERSION1

ABSTRACT: Flow has been diverted from Rocky Mountain streams for many years with little documentation of the impacts on physical form and biological function of the losing stream system. This study addresses whether differences in form can be detected in subalpine step-pool, plane bed, or pool-riffle channels and linked to changes in flow regime from diversion. Total annual discharge was reduced between 20 and 60 percent and average annual peak flow was reduced up to 45 percent in the subalpine systems assessed; channels were diverted between 20 and 100 years. Expected impacts include reduced conveyance and changes in vegetation growth patterns because formerly active surfaces are colonized by riparian species, effectuating shrinking channel capacity. In this study, reduced channel width is used as an indicator of morphologic response. Observed reductions in width, ranging from 35 to 50 percent at some sites, resulted not only from vegetation invasion of stable surfaces but also from the development of an inset beside former cut banks. This observation, however, was restricted to wider pool-riffle channels with gravel bars. Outside of these areas, morphologic changes were either subtle or absent. The absence of widespread response is attributed primarily to periodic “flooding” of the diverted channel. During wetter-than-average years when excess water is available, minimal flow is diverted and the hydrograph resembles a free-flowing regime. The release of high flow to the natural channel potentially offsets changes in form incurred during “dry” periods. The stable nature and structure of subalpine channels also contributes to the absence of reduced capacity.     

LAKE MICHIGAN DIVERSION - STREAM QUALITY PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: By United States Supreme Court action, the diversion of water from Lake Michigan and the Lake Michigan Drainage Basin in the Metropolitan Chicago Area is regulated at an annual maximum rate of 3,200 cfs. Approximately 1,700 cfs of this diversion is used for water supply, and the remaining 1,500 cfs consists primarily of stormwater runoff with lesser amounts of direct lake diversion, such as lockage and leakage, navigational makeup water flows, and discretionary diversion needed to maintain water quality standards in the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago's basic waterways. In order to assess the schedule of its discretionary diversion needs, the District, using a computer model of its basic waterway system, has calculated the minimum discretionary diversion requirements for projected water quality conditions as successive elements of the District's water pollution control program are completed. The results of these analyses can be used as a basis for developing plans for future allocations of the limited supply of Lake Michigan water to other uses such as domestic water supply, when and if such supplies become available.     

ENERGY LOSS AND REPLACEMENT COST OF NAVIGATION OF THE SNAKE-COLUMBIA RIVERS1

ABSTRACT: A competitive relationship exists between power production and navigation in the allocation of water resources along the Snake-Columbia River Complex. This report identifies the energy losses within the power system and the replacement costs of water diversion which resulted from commercial and recreational navigation of the Complex over the period 1975–1977.     

试论长江中游防洪减灾的工程对策

长江中游洪患自古乃中华民族的心腹大患,数百年来不得治愈的根本原因是没有做到对症下药。从洪患形成的地学环境分析和数百年抗洪经验总结来看,行洪不畅,泥沙淤积和长期以堵为主的抗洪方式是长江中游洪患得不倒根除的主要。疏－疏水和疏水是根治长江洪患的唯一出路,开辟分洪河道,疏沙淤垸降和蓄水分洪是长江中游共减灾的重要措施。     

The city of San José's integrated waste management program: a case study for reaching high levels of diversion

The city of San José, California, USA, has a widely recognized integrated waste management program and is currently diverting close to 50% of its waste stream from landfill disposal. This paper describes the residential and commercial components of the city's waste management program. Information is presented on performance (e.g., types and quantities of materials that are collected, processed, and disposed of), customer service, and costs associated with the program. Received: October 4, 2000 / Accepted: February 15, 2001     

The Prospect of Municipal Waste Landfill Diversion Depends on Geographical Location

This study reports on experimentation with municipal and industrial solid waste in Brazil, on mutual inspection of municipal sanitation models in selected Spanish and Brazilian towns, and on observations of municipal solid waste (MSW) management models effective in Argentina, Great Britain, Sweden, and Germany. The diversity of management strategies inhibits technology transfer. Judging by the models inspected, Sweden and Germany appear to be best prepared for stricter European landfill diversion targets in the near future. Experimentation in Brazil has resulted in a proactive MSW management model based on divided collection, which achieves 80 percent landfill diversion. This result, surprisingly, meets and exceeds European diversion targets in a South American context. As the gap in strategy and target narrows between South America and Europe, both technology and management methods may gain intercontinental mobility and thus enhance commercial ties between the two markets in the specific branch of MSW management.     

城市水系闸门调控技术研究及应用

分析了城市水环境问题的胁迫要素，认为要将生态水利的发展观充分渗透到城市现代水利建设中。基于水质水量的联合调度，对城市水资源进行科学配置；基于当前城市已经形成的一定水利格局和水环境状况，认为科学管理城市水利设施更有现实意义。提出了闸门调控的理论框架和技术路线，研究了利用闸门调控改善城市水系环境质量的理论方法。     

徐州市尾水导流工程的生态风险分析

生态风险分析是结合生态学、环境化学、生态毒理学等相关学科知识对人类实践活动产生的生态风险进行分析和评价的工作。徐州区域尾水导流工程的实施对南水北调东线调水水质的保护将起到重要作用,但由于该工程投资大,涉及的区域广,影响因子多而复杂,势必对沿线的生态环境有长期潜在的影响。本文利用生态风险分析的基本原理和方法,着重开展了重要受体新沂河湿地的风险分析,尾水灌溉、洪涝灾害的生态风险分析,并提出了相应的对策。     

我国跨流域调水环境风险的法律控制探讨

作为大规模人为配置水资源的行为,跨流域调水更容易造成水量短缺、水质污染、生态破坏等问题,而对于跨流域调水环境风险的控制,工程措施是常见的,而非工程措施也能达到将风险消除、减小或转移的效果.法律作为调整社会关系的重要手段,其作用在于以强制的方式规范人们的行为.可有效地提高跨流域调水环境风险控制的可靠性.本文分析了我国跨流...     

引哈济党工程对苏干湖湿地天然植被的影响

根据Processing MODFLOW模型对调水后大苏干湖区面积和湿地地下水位的影响预测结果,初步确立引哈济党工程适宜调水量,并在各调水方案的基础上,以干旱区天然植被与地下水的定量关系为依据,分析预测地下水位下降对湿地天然植被的影响。结果表明:不同工况引水50 a后,大苏干湖湖泊面积减少均不超过8%;湿地地下水水位0 m~1 m区面积将持续下降,最大减少17 km2;湿地天然植被部分将发生演替,主要由湿生植被向中、旱生植被演变,影响集中在两湖间河道湿地及湿地外围边缘地带。