南水北调中线工程总干渠(陶岔-漳河段)主要地质灾害分析

南水北调中线工程总干渠(陶岔—漳河段)从南至北穿越河南省17个市县,长708km,沿途横跨江淮黄海四大水系的大小河流350余条,经过地层主要有第四系、新近系、石炭系、二叠系、寒武系,并经过地震烈度7～8度区,会遇到膨胀土、湿陷性黄土、渠道渗漏、渠道稳定性等重地质灾害的威胁。同时,太行山前的水石流灾害、黄淮海流域的水污染灾害等,也将对南水北调中线工程总干渠的运行产生影响。沿途膨胀土将危害渠道边坡稳定性;湿陷性黄土将影响渠道的安全运行;渠道渗漏易产生大面积土壤盐渍化;区域稳定性和采矿塌陷将影响渠道的稳定性等。     

质疑：“红旗河”调水功能的可行性

据报道,“红旗河”方案确定的基本目标是由雅鲁藏布江、怒江、澜沧江、金沙江、雅砻江、大渡河调水600亿m³至新疆等干旱区,发展2亿亩农田（1亩=1/15 hm²）,建15万~20万km²绿带,以此彻底改善西北干旱区的生态与环境。“红旗河”通过上述河流的各调水点以上的年均径流量总和为1 444亿m³,占被调水河流总径流量的35%;“红旗河”计划年调水量约占可调水量1 444亿m³的42%。如果不考虑国际河流、调水口以下的水电站及工程的正常运行等因素,单纯就水资源而论,600亿m³总调水量是可行的。“红旗河”是跨流域调水的宏大设想,已经引起国内外的广泛关注,但这个宏大的设想也面临地质、技术、经济、社会、生态等领域的多重严峻挑战,存在极大的不确定性。特别是600亿m³的水能解决什么问题?在实施工程之前应该充分论证,采取有效措施防范和减轻这些风险带来的危害。从自然地理、资源环境和区域发展角度看,以下问题值得商榷：从主要受水区域新疆看,依据现有农田的净灌溉定额（大约600 m³/亩）,即使完全不考虑渠道（干渠及农田灌溉支渠）中途渗漏与水面蒸发,理论上最多发展1亿亩农田。同样,根据新疆为了维持塔里木河下游大海子水库以下的511 km²湿地所调用的水量估算,15万km²生态绿带建设每年至少需水1 100多亿 m³。600亿m³引水量既无法实现建造2亿亩农田的需要,也无法满足15万km²生态绿带的需要,二者同时实现更无可能。何况这600亿m³的水要经过6 000多km的长途跋涉,渗漏和蒸发非常大,最终能有多少水达到受水区?该项目计划建设期10 a、投资4万亿元,每亩农田（以2亿亩计算）2万元,每m³水费近66元。工程建成运行时,谁来为昂贵的水费买单?调水可能引起的环境影响和生态后果具有极大的不确定性,需要给予高度关注。如调入区是内流区,降水量小,蒸发量大,地形封闭,缺乏排水出路,环境条件特殊。大量引水,在灌溉不当的情况下,极易导致土壤次生盐渍化。跨流域调水工程不仅仅是一个复杂的水利工程,还是一个十分复杂的生态系统工程,更是一个十分复杂的社会经济工程。环境效应、生态后果和社会经济影响涉及复杂的地球物理、化学和生物过程,也涉及复杂的人地关系和谐平衡过程。“红旗河”同时涉及国际河流,潜在的地缘政治关系需要引起重视。在现有认识水平下,需要对这些问题进行深入系统研究,分析各系统之间的相互关系及影响规律,提出理性的评价系统和论证方案。此外,在“红旗河”的舆论造势中,还存在几个有悖科学认知的观点,如“改变中国气候格局”、“森林致水作用”、打破千百年来的“胡焕庸线”等。文章均进行了分析和澄清。     

采空区自燃火灾气体钻孔导流的数值模拟研究

针对采空区局部自燃火源点的火灾情况 ,提出用地面钻孔抽放采空区自燃火灾气体 ,使其避免流向工作面的方法。基于渗流方程和气体扩散方程建立了简化的采空区火灾气体移动———弥散数值模型 ,用迎风有限元方法结合图形显示技术求解。模拟了在抽放前后采空区火灾气体移动和CO浓度分布特征 ,该方法对火源位置的判定精度要求不高 ,但钻孔必须设在火源的后方。通过模拟试验 ,抽放后工作面向采空区漏风增加量约为抽放流量的一半 ;抽放流量与采空区CO绝对涌出量近似呈负指数关系 ,给出了最低抽放流量的表达式。这项研究 ,能为分析在短期内消除采空区自燃火灾气体对工作面影响和确定抽放参数提供一种辅助手段。     

引汉济渭调水工程水资源配置研究

为解决关中地区水资源短缺问题,陕西省规划实施南水北调引汉济渭调水工程。在分析调水工程受水区用户、供水系统的基础上,构建了水资源配置网络图,并建立了该系统的水资源配置仿真模型,确定了配置原则。结合调水工程,设定了7种方案,通过长系列计算,得出了各方案的水资源利用情况。2020水平年,调水15.5×10⁸ m³后可增加供水10.69×10⁸ m³,占需水量的38.76%;调水15.5×10⁸ m³与调水10.0×10⁸ m³相比,工业供水保证率提高32.75%。计算结果表明,实施调水工程后可有效缓解受水区水资源短缺,调水量在保证城市用水、改善渭河河道生态环境方面发挥着主要作用。     

Rehabilitating China's Largest Inland River

Abstract:  Wetlands are particularly important for conserving China's biodiversity but riparian wetlands in the Tarim River basin in western China have been reduced by 46% during the last 3 decades. The world's largest habitat for Populus euphratica , which is in the Tarim River basin, significantly shrank. To protect and restore the deteriorated ecosystems along the Tarim River and its associated wetlands, China's government initiated a multimillion dollar river restoration project to release water from upper dams to the dried-up lower reaches of the Tarim River starting in 2000. We monitored the responses of groundwater and vegetation to water recharge in the lower reaches of the river from 2000 to 2006 by establishing nine 1000-m-long transects perpendicular to the river at intervals of 20–45 km along the 320-km river course below the Daxihaizi Reservoir, the source of water conveyance, to Lake Taitema, the terminus of the Tarim River. Water recharges from the Daxihaizi Reservoir to the lower reaches of the Tarim River significantly increased groundwater levels and vegetation coverage at all monitoring sites along the river. The mean canopy size of the endangered plant species P. euphratica doubled after 6 years of water recharge. Some rare migrating birds returned to rest on the restored wetlands in summer along the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The biggest challenge facing decision makers, however, is to balance water allocation and water rights between agricultural and natural ecosystems in a sustainable way. A large number of inhabitants in the Tarim Basin depend on these limited water resources for a living. At the same time, the endangered ecosystems need to be protected. Given the ecological, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical realities in the Tarim Basin, adaptive water policies and strategies are needed for water allocation in these areas of limited water resources.     

Assessing the impact on groundwater safety of inter-basin water transfer using a coupled modeling approach

Surface water and groundwater always behave in a coupled manner and are major components of hydrologic cycle. However, surface water simulation models and groundwater simulation models are run separately most of the time. Few models focus on the impact of hydraulic changes in the surface water flows on the groundwater, or specifically, the impact of a water transfer project to fill a seasonally dry channel. In this study, a linked surface water and groundwater simulation model was developed to assess the impact of a trans-basin water diversion project on the groundwater. A typical plain area east of Beijing was selected as a case study, representing Beijing’s main source of groundwater used for drinking water. A surface water quality model of the Chaobai River was developed based on the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP), and a groundwater model was developed based on the Modular Finite-Difference Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW) and the Modular 3-D transport model (MT3D). The results of the surface water simulation were used as input for the groundwater simulation. Water levels and four contaminants (NH₃-N, COD_Mn, F, As) were simulated. With the same initial and boundary conditions, scenario analyses were performed to quantify the impact of different quantities of diversion water on the groundwater environment. The results showed the water quality of the groundwater sources was not significantly affected.     

Recycling behaviour and attitude: the case of the Hong Kong people and commercial and household wastes

The increasing environmental awareness caused by the green movement has led to changes in attitude towards our traditionally wasteful society. Recent surveys in Hong Kong have shown that waste recycling has gained increasing verbal support among its citizens. This paper reports on recent findings which reveals that some discrepancies exist between people's attitude and behaviour towards waste recycling. The implication of this phenomenon on how and when a waste recycling policy should be carried out is considerable. Two major types of barriers to waste recycling and reduction were evident. Technical barriers to recycling included lack of appropriate information, lack of conveniently located bins and of temporary storage space, whilst the most critical barrier to paper waste recycling was the presence of non-recyclable materials in some paper items. Psychological barriers included the attitude of being troubled, and that too little waste was involved to be worth the effort. Technical barriers were found to dominate in commercial paper waste recycling, and can usually be overcome while psychological barriers were more significant in household waste recycling and are more difficult to solve. Thus, it might be concluded that, if a large scale household waste recycling programme were in place in Hong Kong, more effort should be devoted towards educating the public, to eliminate as many psychological barriers as possible. Findings from attitude surveys on recycling can provide valuable information for policy makers. However, a review of the literature indicates that findings from attitudinal and self-reported behavioural surveys may exaggerate the proportion of those who have a favourable attitude towards the surveyed subject matter. Thus, it is prudent for policy makers to consider the response rate of the surveys also.     

整体式液压驱动堰门设计

针对电动堰门在安装和使用方面存在的问题,阐述了一种新型整体式液压驱动堰门的设计。     

地铁站台导流栏杆对人员疏散的影响研究

为研究地铁站台导流栏杆对人员疏散的影响,以某地铁车站为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法研究地铁站台导流栏杆的设置方式及长度对人员疏散的影响,为地铁车站导流栏杆的设置及优化提供参考。研究结果表明:随着固定导流栏杆长度的增加,人员疏散时间呈现增加趋势,固定导流栏杆长度为14 m时比不设导流栏杆时疏散效率降低了20.8%,人员在长度为14 m的固定导流栏杆内呈现通道型排队现象;随着可推拉导流栏杆长度的增加,人员疏散时间呈现减小趋势,可推拉导流栏杆长度为6 m时比固定导流栏杆长度为14 m时的疏散效率提高了9.7%。     

生态—水力学法在山区小型引水电站最小下泄流量计算中的应用

以川西某山区小型引水式电站为例,选择水深和流速为生境参数,以华鲮为生态保护目标,计算河道的最小生态需水量和对应的电站最小下泄流量,并与Tennant法、代表年法的计算结果对比。结果表明,生态水深0.12m对应的最小生态流量和Ten nant法的结果差异度为8.63%,较合理;生境参数标准值对计算结果影响显著;在选择合适的参数和参数标准值的前提下,生态—水力学法适用于山区小型河流。