遥感在农业旱情监测中的应用现状与展望

文章对我国农业旱情遥感的原理、国内外研究进展情况进行了讨论与分析,认为无人机技术、农业地面传感网与遥感技术相结合及农业专业模型与遥感技术的耦合遥感技术应用是今后旱情定量遥感的发展方向。     

干旱指标及其在新疆阿勒泰地区干旱监测分析中的应用

干旱是限制新疆阿勒泰地区农牧业生产可持续发展最主要的自然灾害之一,研究适合该区的干旱指标,是进行有效干旱监测的基础。采用新疆阿勒泰地区7个气象站1961-2008年4-10月月平均气温、降水量资料,首先通过Thomthwaite方法计算潜在蒸发量确定K干旱指数,然后对R指数、Z指数、K指数3种干旱指标进行了分析,结果表明,在监测诊断干旱轻重程度上,K指数能较客观地反映出干旱程度,R指数和Z指数监测干旱程度较轻。在此基础上,基于K指数建立的阿勒泰地区干旱监测评价的强度指数和面积指数,对该地区近48年来干旱的变化进行了分析,表明该地区干旱灾害主要集中在春夏季节,春夏连旱几率较高,强度较大;该地区干旱灾害具有阶段性特征,近年来干旱发生的频次有增多的趋势,其中秋季干旱相对较为明显。     

东北地区近50年农作物生长季干旱趋势研究

采用Penman-Monteith模型计算了东北三省72个台站1960-2008年生长季的潜在蒸散量,进而计算了潜在蒸散量与降水量的比值,得到各站生长季干燥度。东北三省1960-2008年生长季干燥度总体上表现出从西南向东北方向逐渐减小的变化特征,大值区位于辽西地区,小值区位于黑龙江省北部。东北区生长季降水量与潜在蒸散量相当;东北南部生长季略干,东北北部较为湿润。东北地区生长季干燥度近50年增加趋势通过显著性检验;东北地区干燥度序列在1996年发生了突变。东北三省1973年以来干旱绝收面积、成灾面积占旱作农作物播种面积比例的增加趋势均通过了显著性检验。以1996年为分界点,1997-2007年成灾面积、绝收面积占旱作农作物播种面积比例分别是1973-1996年均值的1.99倍和5.58倍,上升幅度非常明显。从而证明了采用Penman-Monteith模型得到的干燥度公式来评价东北地区生长季干旱是符合实际的。     

长江上游旱涝指标及其变化特征分析

利用长江上游流域51个气象观测站1961～2009年降水资料,计算了各站逐年、四季〖WTBX〗Z〖WTBZ〗指数及区域旱涝指数,在此基础上分析了单站〖WTBX〗Z〖WTBZ〗指数旱涝等级划分的合理性,区域旱涝指数的年代际变化趋势,并对区域典型旱涝年的确定及旱涝成因进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）〖WTBX〗Z〖WTBZ〗指数及以此为基础构建的区域旱涝指数能较好地反映长江上游流域年及四季旱涝变化,作为长江上游流域旱涝指标比较合理;（2）长江上游流域年及四季旱涝有明显的年代际变化特征,年及四季的干旱指数与雨涝指数基本呈反位相特征;（3）长江上游流域四季旱涝与500 hPa高度场分布形势有密切关系,除冬季旱涝与海温场关系较弱外,春、夏、秋季旱涝均与海温场关系密切。研究结论对长江上游流域可持续发展及三峡水库科学运营有一定参考意义     

Long-Term Relationships Between Ocean Variability and Water Resources in Northeastern Utah1

Tingstad, Abbie H. and Glen M. MacDonald, 2010. Long-Term Relationships Between Ocean Variability and Water Resources in Northeastern Utah. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(5):987-1002. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00471.x Abstract: The Uinta Mountains in the northwestern Colorado River Basin are an important source of water for Utah and the western United States. This article examines 20th Century hydrology in the Uinta Mountains region in the context of the previous four to eight centuries as well as possible relationships with Pacific and Atlantic Ocean variability using new tree-ring based reconstructions for streamflow and snowpack. The 20th Century appears to have been unusually wet compared with previous centuries. Relationships between hydrology in the region and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) are largely insignificant in instrumental datasets but may have been stronger, although inconsistent, over the longer time spans represented by the paleoclimate records. Impacts of individual modes of sea surface temperature variability may sometimes be enhanced by periods when climate forcing by ENSO, PDO, and/or AMO coincide. Such episodes are associated with deviations from mean hydrology as high as +14% and as low as −18%. The 20th Century could be a misleading benchmark to base water resource estimates upon and flexible water management strategies are necessary to take into account the large range of natural variability observed in the longer-term hydroclimatology as well as the challenges to predictability due to the apparently complex and inconsistent influence of ocean-driven variability.     

干旱灾害对江西省农业生产的影响及其对策

江西是农业大省,是国家重要的粮食主产区。近10 a来江西省干旱发生频繁,导致农业生产损失严重,威胁到农业的可持续发展。基于历史文献与资料,结合江西省农业厅的农业灾情调查数据和干旱指数最高的星子县、都昌县调研数据,着力分析近10 a来江西省的干旱状况及其对农作物生产的影响,探讨农业干旱灾害的成因。研究结果表明:江西干旱灾害以秋旱为主,近10 a年对江西的粮食和棉花生产造成重大损失,尤其是鄱阳湖区地区;江西农业干旱灾害的主要成因包括降水分布不均匀、红壤持水能力低、水利设施年久失修、植被结构破坏和易改变水文过程的大型水利设施建设。最后针对农业干旱灾害的主要成因,提出了减轻干旱灾害对农业生产不利影响的对策     

The need for constructing endangered fish habitats that conform to climate-driven flow changes in a western U.S. river

Warmwater fish habitat in the San Juan River of the southwestern United States has been reduced by over 30% as a result of water depletion, reservoir inundation, and cold-water dam releases combined with drought-related changes in hydrology. This reduction and a suite of other factors have contributed to declines in native fish populations including the federally endangered Colorado Pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) and Razorback Sucker (Xyrauchen texanus). Conservation efforts for these species include determining flow needs; protecting, managing, and augmenting habitats; and stocking hatchery fish. But the young of stocked fish have low survival due largely to a paucity of nursery habitat not being reformed and maintained under current conditions. Flow recommendations for Navajo Dam releases designed to mimic the river's natural hydrograph have not been met due to water shortages, and the desired outcomes of increased channel complexity and enhanced fish habitat have not been observed. Forecasted hydrology that includes ongoing drought shows that achieving the flow targets through further dam reoperations is unlikely. Mechanical construction of early life-stage habitats is a highly recommended complement to flow management for offsetting the effects of flow reduction and habitat loss. Habitats with features that are effective and resilient under a range of flows are important in counterbalancing the effects of climate change.     

Drought Resilience of the California Central Valley Surface‐Ground‐Water‐Conveyance System1

Abstract: A series of drought simulations were performed for the California Central Valley using computer applications developed by the California Department of Water Resources and historical datasets representing a range of droughts from mild to severe for time periods lasting up to 60 years. Land use, agricultural cropping patterns, and water demand were held fixed at the 2003 level and water supply was decreased by amounts ranging between 25 and 50%, representing light to severe drought types. Impacts were examined for four hydrologic subbasins, the Sacramento Basin, the San Joaquin Basin, the Tulare Basin, and the Eastside Drainage. Results suggest the greatest impacts are in the San Joaquin and Tulare Basins, regions that are heavily irrigated and are presently overdrafted in most years. Regional surface water diversions decrease by as much as 70%. Stream‐to‐aquifer flows and aquifer storage declines were proportional to drought severity. Most significant was the decline in ground water head for the severe drought cases, where results suggest that under these scenarios the water table is unlikely to recover within the 30‐year model‐simulated future. However, the overall response to such droughts is not as severe as anticipated and the Sacramento Basin may act as ground‐water insurance to sustain California during extended dry periods.     

江西干旱灾害研究

在江西,干旱灾害是仅次于洪涝灾害的第二大农业灾害,本文对江西干旱灾害的面积,频率,分布,危害及其成因等作了较全面的调查和分析,在此基础上提出了减轻江西干旱灾害的若干建议,可供有关部门参考。     

辽西北玉米不同生长阶段干旱灾害风险阈值的确定

以辽宁省西北6个市为研究区,选取玉米为研究对象,将其划分为播种期、苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆成熟期几个重要的生长阶段,综合气象与气候学、自然地理学、灾害科学、作物生态学和自然灾害风险科学等多学科的理论和方法,在充分考虑影响玉米干旱灾害动态风险的自然因素和人为因素的基础上,利用AHP、加权综合评价法、自然灾害指数法建立了玉米干旱灾害动态风险评价指标体系及模型;通过选取典型干旱案例年,运用最优分割理论在综合考虑玉米产量损失的基础上确定了玉米不同生长阶段的干旱灾害风险阈值,并用于玉米不同生长阶段干旱灾害风险值与玉米因旱减产损失的相关分析中。结果表明:辽西北地区玉米因旱减产损失与苗期干旱灾害风险值相关系数最大,玉米受苗期干旱灾害影响最严重;在灌浆成熟期相关性也较显著,受其影响也较大,这与辽西北地区春旱发生频率最高,伏旱时常发生的事实相符合。