TOWARDS CHARACTERIZING AND PLANNING FOR DROUGHT IN VERMONT‐PART I: A CLIMATOLOGICAL PERSPECTWE1

ABSTRACT: In the Green Mountain state of Vermont, droughts of one form or another and of varying intensities, seventies, and areal extent are not uncommon occurrences. The 1990s were marked by at least three drought events of which the 1998 to 1999 was the most recent. In spite of this recurrence, ongoing drought monitoring and mitigative planning efforts are not as advanced as they could be and no official drought plan exists for the state. This article is the first of two in this volume. It summarizes the cascade of drought types that impacted the state during the 1998 to 1999 episode. From a number of precipitation statistics and drought indices, fine spatial scales (county or better) were found to best capture the character of drought impacts, while the weekly time step is recommended as the temporal unit around which to base planning and monitoring efforts. The companion article outlines a possible framework for drought planning efforts and highlights key constituencies to be included in the process.     

基于SWAT模型定量分析自然因素与人为因素对水文系统的影响——以漳卫南运河流域为例

“干旱”是由大尺度的气候变化所引起的水分亏缺现象,“水资源短缺”则是因人类长期对水资源不可持续利用引起的水资源亏缺现象。前者无法被水资源管理系统规避,后者则受水资源管理方针政策的影响。然而,通常一个地区由干旱与水资源短缺引起的水分亏缺经常同时发生而且难以区分。因此,论文提出了一种可以定量区分自然因素（干旱）和人为因素（水资源短缺）对水文系统影响的框架,并以漳卫南运河流域为研究对象,利用SWAT模型模拟结果（无人为影响情景下）和观测数据（自然因素和人为因素共同作用结果）,对研究区1976—1995年的日径流量序列进行了初步对比和差异性分析。结果表明：1）经率定和验证的SWAT模型能够有效模拟漳卫南运河流域的径流过程;2）无论是丰水年还是枯水年,水资源短缺现象均导致了夏季径流洪峰时期的消失;3）人为因素是引起漳卫南运河流域水文系统发生变化的主要原因,并且人为因素影响造成的径流损失量是自然因素造成径流损失量的4倍。论文提出的框架可以定量化分析自然因素和人为因素对水文系统的相对影响,有助于水资源管理者制定适应干旱与水资源短缺状况的管理政策。     

农业干旱与气象干旱关联性——以淮河蚌埠闸以上地区为例

基于淮河蚌埠闸以上地区60个站点1961—2015年气象数据,计算作物水分亏缺指数（Crop Water Deficit Index,CWDI）与相对湿润度指数（Relative Moisture Index,M）,以冬小麦干旱作为农业干旱的代表,分析生育期内冬小麦干旱与气象干旱时空特征,并通过游程理论识别30场主要干旱事件的历时、烈度及重现期频率,展开农业干旱与气象干旱关联性研究,结果表明：（1）时间上,冬小麦生育期内农业干旱旱情年占比均高于气象干旱,年际差最多年份均发生在冬前生长期;（2）空间上,全生育期和各个生育期内的冬小麦干旱和气象干旱呈纬向分布,由南至北旱情逐渐加重,冬小麦干旱75%以上中旱占比发生在越冬期至灌浆成熟期,气象干旱仅在越冬期出现;（3）冬小麦干旱相较气象干旱存在延时,且烈度大于气象干旱,平均历时分别为18.8旬和17.3旬,平均烈度分别为12.2和9.9;（4）气象干旱历时达到1.28旬或干旱烈度达到3.35时,便会引发冬小麦干旱,且冬小麦干旱历时、烈度重现期频率大于气象干旱,农业干旱较气象干旱持续周期更长、频率及强度更大,气象干旱加剧农业干旱旱情。     

北方草地干旱指标

介绍了内蒙古自治区和青海、新疆省的草地干旱指标研究。通过对大量历史资料的统计分析得出0～30cm深土壤层的相对湿度与相对蒸降差这两个物理量,与牧草生长发育及产草量有密切的关系。三省、自治区分别以土壤相对湿度与相对蒸降差为指标,对草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原进行了干旱等级划分和检验,结果较为满意。     

广东省水旱灾害风险分析与农业可持续发展

水旱灾害历来是威胁严重的自然灾害,它制约着广东省农业生产和社会经济发展.本文分析了广东省水旱灾害的特点及成因,根据1950～2002年的资料,应用信息扩散方法对广东省的水旱灾害进行了风险评估,勾画出广东省水旱灾受灾率概率分布曲线图,提出了广东省农业减灾的措施:合理调整农业布局和作物种植结构,采取趋利避害的农业措施,推行有效的防灾技术,改善农业生态环境,增强防灾减灾意识,提高防灾减灾水平.     

WATER SUPPLY OPTIONS IN A NEW MEXICO WATER PLANNING REGION1

ABSTRACT: The population in the Jemez y Sangre Water Planning Region of New Mexico has reached the point at which the demand for water exceeds available supplies, particularly when precipitation is below average, as has frequently occurred in recent years. The desire to develop a sustainable water supply that relies on renewable supplies in wet years and preserves the water in storage for times of drought motivated a diverse set of stakeholders in the region to participate in regional water planning. The planning effort culminated in development of the Jemez y Sangre Regional Water Plan, which was adopted by municipal and county governments in the region. The plan assesses and compares water supply and demand in the region and recommends alternatives for protecting and restoring the existing water supply and addressing the pending gap between supply and demand anticipated by the year 2060. To convey to decision makers the alternatives available to solve the future water shortage, option charts were developed to portray the amount of water that could be obtained or conserved through their implementation. The option charts show that the projected gap between supply and demand cannot be met through one alternative only, but will require a combination of alternatives.     

DROUGHT,TREE RINGS,AND RESERVOIR DESIGN1

Droughts constitute one of the most important factors affecting the design and operation of water resources infrastructure. Hydrologists ascertain their duration, severity, and pattern of recurrence from instrumental records of precipitation or stream‐flow. Under suitable conditions, and with proper analysis, tree rings obtained from long living, climate sensitive species of trees can extend instrumental records of streamflow and precipitation over periods spanning several centuries. Those tree‐ring “reconstructions” provide a valuable insight about climate variability and drought occurrence in the Holocene, and yield long term hydrological data useful in the design of water infrastructure. This work presents a derivation of drought risk based on a renewal model of drought recurrence, a brief review of the basic theory of tree‐ring reconstructions, and a stochastic model for optimizing the design of water supply reservoirs. Examples illustrate the methodology developed in this work and the supporting role that tree‐ring reconstructed streamflow can play in characterizing hydrologic variability.     

农业旱灾中人为因素的定量分析 --以秀山县为例

以重庆秀山县为研究对象。对建国后50年中各年代人为因素对农业旱灾的作用进行了比较，探讨了其成因及变化趋势。研究表明，在20世纪50年代和60年代，秀山县由于生态破坏、水利设施不足和不合理的政策导向等，人为因素起着加剧旱灾灾情的作用，而在70年代至90年代。由于农业基础设施投入的加大、抗旱政策的制定等，人为因素开始起着越来越强的缓解灾情的作用。     

农业旱灾频发区旱灾恢复力评估方法研究——以鲁西北地区为例

鲁西北地区是我国农业旱灾的频发区,该地区的旱灾具有发生频率高、影响范围广的特点,严重影响了当地的农业生产和经济发展.在这种情况下,尝试构建合理的旱灾恢复力评估模型来对该地区农业旱灾灾后恢复力进行综合测评并以此为依据制定减灾策略就显得十分必要了.本文运用AHP通过建立相对完善的指标体系,从自然环境、国民经济、社会援助和政府组织四方面对鲁西北地区旱灾恢复力进行分析评估,创建起比较符合实际的评估模型,以期为鲁西北地区抗旱行为提供辅助决策.图1,表5,参7.     

对旱情的理性思考和构建新的监测、抗旱理念

对旱灾造成的损失,不能仅从农业粮食减产单方面估算,而应把旱灾造成的隐性损失科学评估出来。据此提出,抗旱要处理好农业用水、工业用水和城市用水及生态用水的关系,真正实现水资源的可持续利用,并应建立自动化的干旱监测和快速评估系统,以保证及时掌握旱情,将旱灾损失减至最小。