土壤干旱胁迫对Larrea tridentata叶片膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响

Larrea tridentata是一种亚热带沙漠中常绿的含树脂的灌木,有很高的生态价值和药用价值。在不同土壤干旱胁迫条件下,测量了L.tridentata叶片具有生物学活性物质的含量变化。结果表明,随着土壤水分胁迫的加重,L.tridentata保护酶活性与MDA含量的整体趋势都是先升高,在土壤水势达到-2.415 MPa时,有所下降。L.tridentata体内重要的渗透调节物质脯氨酸的质量分数总体成上升趋势。可见,保护酶及渗透调节对L.tridentata提高自身的抗旱性有重要作用。     

江汉平原旱涝时空分布特征

利用历史旱涝资料和现代降水资源，总结了江汉平原旱涝时空分布特点；（１）旱涝多发且涝多干旱。旱涝在年际上分配不均年昧涝等级序列呈现２年、５－６年、２２年、４０年左右变化 准周期。旱涝还存在持续性和转换性特点。（２）旱涝在季节上有集中性、夏季夏涝最多，秋旱多于春旱，而春涝多于秋涝，夏秋连旱亦多发；另我，夏季洪涝与秋冬干旱在一定程度上相关。（３）旱涝在空间分布上略有差别，北部有东北部旱较多，而南部涝交多     

长江上游干旱灾害分析及防灾减灾措施

分析了长江上游历年干旱灾害发生的频率、危害程度和演变趋势。长江上游受太平洋高压和地形的影响，造成四川盆地西部和黔西北的春旱、盆东伏旱，盆中黔东北旱伏连旱，以及金沙江与大渡河的干热旱型。干旱的危害程度既受天气背景的影响，又与人类活动方式密切相关，异常的天气过程只有在人口密集，生产发达的地区才能形成显著的灾害，从近三百年的水文气象条件看，洪水发生略有加强，而干旱则略有减弱。但是近代工农业高速发展，人口     

中国北方冬小麦播种期底墒干旱模型

用统计方法分析了中国北方地区冬小麦播种期0-100cm土壤底墒与当年7-9月的降水量、可能蒸散量,水分盈亏量和年降水量和前一年10月至当年9月降水量、多年平均降水量、径流量以及径流率等8个影响因子的相关关系,建立了计算冬小麦播种期土壤底墒的各单因子统计模型和不同F检验水平下的多因子统计模型,并对各统计模型进行了精度比较。选取其中一个模型,计算了北方冬小麦区94个站点1961-2000年历年冬小麦播种期的土壤底墒值,初步得到了北方冬小麦播种期土壤底墒的变化规律,并为北方冬小麦播种期土壤底墒的计算和预测提供了一个实用的方法。     

基于GIS的安徽省干旱遥感监测与评估研究

总结了在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,以NOAA／AHVRR资料为主要信息,结合下垫面资料,对安徽省区域内干旱发生的动态变化、空间分布、危害程度等进行监测与评估的技术思路与方法。     

WATER CONSTRAINTS ON ENERGY DEVELOPMENT: A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: The pressure on water resources from energy resource development and transformation is likely to be greater in the future than it has been in the past. A rational resolution of the political problems that this situation will generate requires that: 1) planning based on predictions of future energy supply and demand be replaced by scenario, or “what if?” analysis; 2) full attention be paid to the uncertainties in per-unit-energy water requirements; 3) suitable stochastic measures of water availability be used to compare water supply with water demand; 4) realistic ecological criteria, and other alternative use criteria, be developed for estimating impacts of water withdrawn or consurned for energy development; 5) human consequences of ecological impaccts are described in a manner that will allow the political process to intervene in an optimum manner to allocate water resources.     

IMPACT OF DROUGHT ON QUALITY OF POTENTIAL WATER SUPPLY SOURCES IN THE SANGAMON RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The analysis of stream flow and several water quality parameters in six Illinois rivers showed both deterioration and improvement in quality indicators during 1976–1977 drought. The adverse impacts were an increase of ammonia and manganese concentrations and, to a lesser degree, increased concentrations of phenol and specific conductance. At the worst point during the drought, the 12-month moving average of monthly ammonia concentration in the Sangamon River was about 620 percent higher than the antecedent value. On the other hand, average concentrations of nitrites and nitrates, total iron, and the number of coliform bacteria significantly decreased. This positive response suggests that streams which are considered unsuitable for municipal supply due to high levels of these quality indicators may be used as emergency sources during droughts.     

Residents’ Assessment of an Urban Outdoor Water Conservation Program in Guelph,Ontario1

Abstract: Many municipalities have implemented demand management of outdoor water use. Measures such as restrictions on lawn watering and promotion of xeriscaping are effective in reducing water demand during summer months, especially during dry spells. However, little research examines a key factor shaping the success of these programs: residents’ perceptions of and satisfaction with such conservation measures. This article describes an urban outdoor water conservation program in Guelph, Ontario, assesses that program from the perspective of residents, and explores socio‐economic, attitudinal and other factors associated with residents’ assessment of the program. A survey of Guelph residents revealed broad support for the program, which includes restrictions on various outdoor water uses and, under certain circumstances, a ban on lawn watering. However, there was much uncertainty among residents about the effectiveness of the program in reducing water use and the effectiveness of program enforcement. Key factors influencing residents’ assessment of the program were neighborhood, gender and environmental attitude. Implications for the design and implementation of outdoor water conservation programs are discussed, including the importance of better communication of information on program effectiveness and enforcement.     

Gender and drought: experiences of Australian women in the drought of the 1990s

A unique collaborative, sociological study undertaken during 1995-7, explored the social construction of drought as a disaster, looking at farm families in two Australian states: Queensland (beef producers) and New South Wales (sheep/wheat producers). A decision was made to interview the women and men separately to test our hypothesis that there would be gender issues in any analysis of a disaster, but particularly one which has had so much long-term impact on individuals, families and communities, such as drought. Interviews were conducted with over 100 individuals male and female. We conclude that drought as a disaster is a gendered experience. The paper draws on the narratives of some women involved in the study to identify 'themes of difference' which confirm the necessity to maintain gender as a variable in all studies of the social impacts of disaster.     

基于SPEI的西南地区近53 a干旱时空特征分析

论文基于标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）,统计分析西南地区128 个测站1960-2012 年的气象数据,从干旱年际变化趋势、四季变化趋势、干旱强度、干旱事件频次、干旱频率以及与ENSO的关系,对西南地区近半个世纪的干旱时空特征进行了分析。结果表明：①西南地区及子区域近53 a 来呈干旱化趋势,21 世纪初干旱发生最频繁,干旱强度、极端干旱及中等干旱的频次均呈增加趋势;②四季大部分区域呈干旱化趋势,以秋季最为突出;③春季,干旱发生频率最高且集中在横断山地、四川盆地东部和云贵高原中部,夏季,横断山地北部、若尔盖高原和广西丘陵西北部易发生干旱,秋季,云贵高原、广西丘陵及四川盆地部分区域干旱频率较高,冬季,干旱易发区集中在若尔盖高原、四川盆地西南部一线;④各区域四季的干旱指数与ENSO指数相关性不同,并且ENSO事件强度与四川盆地和横断山地的SPEI 在年变化趋势方面存在明显负相关,与其他区域呈正相关。此外,西南地区在厄尔尼诺年和拉尼娜年都会出现干旱,但前者爆发干旱灾害的概率比后者高。而且各区域存在差异,四川盆地、若尔盖高原在厄尔尼诺年易发生干旱,而云贵高原在拉尼娜年发生频率较高,广西丘陵、横断山地没有明显规律和特征。