Effects of Urbanization on Occupancy of Stream Salamanders

Abstract: Urban development is the most common form of land conversion in the United States. Using a before–after control‐impact study design, we investigated the effects of urbanization on larval and adult stages of southern two‐lined salamanders (Eurycea cirrigera) and northern dusky salamanders (Desmognathus fuscus). Over 5 years, we estimated changes in occupancy and probabilities of colonization and survival in 13 stream catchments after urbanization and in 17 catchments that were not urbanized. We also examined effects of proportion of urbanized area in a catchment and distance of the salamander population to the nearest stream on probabilities of colonization and survival. Before urbanization, adult and larval stages of the two salamander species occupied nearly all surveyed streams, with occupancy estimates ranging from 1.0 to 0.78. Four years after urbanization mean occupancy of larval and adult two‐lined salamanders had decreased from 0.87 and 0.78 to 0.57 and 0.39, respectively. Estimates of mean occupancy of larval northern dusky salamanders decreased from 1.0 to 0.57 in urban streams 4 years after urbanization; however, adult northern dusky salamander occupancy remained close to 1.0 in urban streams over 5 years. Occupancy estimates in control streams were similar for each species and stage over 5 years. Urbanization was associated with decreases in survival probabilities of adult and larval two‐lined salamanders and decreases in colonization probabilities of larval dusky salamanders. Nevertheless, proportion of impervious surface and distance to nearest stream had little effect on probabilities of survival and colonization. Our results imply that in the evaluation of the effects of urbanization on species, such as amphibians, with complex life cycles, consideration of the effects of urbanization on both adult and larval stages is required.     

消防安全评价体系初探

在消防安全检测的工作中发现,同时也受到安全评价工作的启发,笔者提出在国内推行消防安全评价,发展消防安全评价机构的思路并在理论上、实施手段上进行初探。为此,提出了建立消防安全评价体系,实施消防安全评价的方法———安全控制理论法。该方法是现代控制理论的应用性研究,其目的是对消防安全实现动态的量化的安全管理控制。笔者引入一些学者的研究成果———安全参数及计量标准,对消防系统安全状况进行综合评价;提出了与控制能力C相关的因素,并采用层次分析法(AHP)确定各自的权重;引入安全度的动态模型,其中安全度随系统的安全状况的变化而变化,体现的是系统的危险与控制的矛盾斗争结果。虽然该评价方法的理论、体系和实施研究取得了初步成果,但仍有待进一步完善。     

动态贴近度法及其在水质监测点优化布设中的应用

现有水质监测点优化布设方法存在两方面问题,一是只考虑水质随空间的变化,没有考虑水质随季节的变化;二是引入了相关水质标准作为参考点进行距离计算,得到的贴近度物理意义不够明确.为此,本文提出了新的水质监测点优化布设模型-动态贴近度法.该模型同时利用了水质监测数据在时间和空间两个维度上的信息,使优化布点的信息更加合理、全面;避免了不同水质标准值作为参考点带来的排序不一致问题.一个城市水质监测点优化布设的实例计算结果表明,利用贴近度优化模型的放大作用,使得聚类效果明显提高,易于进行水质监测点的分类和排序.     

投影寻踪动态聚类模型及其在天然草地分类中的应用

投影寻踪聚类模型在多因素聚类分析中被广泛应用并取得了满意的效果,然而,该模型还存在如密度窗宽参数取值由经验确定等不足,有待改进提高.本文针对投影寻踪聚类模型的不足,首次把投影寻踪的思想和动态聚类方法结合起来,构造投影指标,提出了投影寻踪动态聚类新模型.新模型在整个运算过程中不需人为给定参数,聚类结果客观、明确,而且它还具有稳定性好、操作简便等特点.天然草地分类的实际应用表明,投影寻踪动态聚类模型切实可行,取得了很好的效果,在多因素聚类分析领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

Research on Jiuquan-Jiayuguan-Yumen Region's Dynamic Changing of Urbanization Based on Self-Organizing Model

Abstract

Based on the self-organizing modeling principle in the dissipative structure theory, the paper regards the migration coupling between the regions as the influence factor to create the model of regional urbanization simulation and prediction, which is more practical to simulate the space-time and dynamic evolvement characteristics of regional urbanization level. According to the historical data about the population and urbanization of Jiuquan, Jiayuguan and Yumen cities, the past 50 years' dynamic evolvement trend is simulated and the following 50 years' dynamic evolvement trend is predicted with the urbanization dynamic evolvement model based on the self-organizing model. The analysis of effective factors such as economic increase, resources exploitation, ecosystem construction, traffic location, national policies, population migration are given, then the reasons of the dynamic evolvement differences of the three cities' urbanization are drawn. The study suggests that the self-organizing model is fit for the simulation of Jiuquan-Jiayuguan-Yumen regional urbanization level in the past 50 years, and the departure between the stimulant and the actual data is under 5%, so it can be used to predict the urbanization future of the three cities. The predicted results show that the regional population will reach 1.074 million and the regional urbanization level will be 72.56%.     

Construction and demolition waste generation in cities in India: an integrated approach

ABSTRACT

This paper quantifies construction and demolition waste (C&DW) generation rate in Indian cities using bottom-up material flow analysis approach. A dynamic model was applied to different classes of cities in India to investigate how C&DW generation rate varies across different classes of cities. The data on construction and demolition activities in different classes of cities were estimated from information reported in secondary literature. The results show that urban areas in India generated over 150 million tonnes of C&DW in 2016, and almost 50% of waste was generated in small to medium towns. The paper concludes with discussion on opportunities for recycling of C&DW and closing the material loops in Indian cities.     

六自由度动态模拟环境试验系统

六自由度动态模拟环境试验是考核车辆、舰船等运输工具在复线路面谱或海浪谱的运动条件和不同气候环境条件同时作用下的性能可靠性和行驶安全性及其使用寿命的重要模拟试验方法。本文详细介绍了为满足这一试验而研发的六自由度动态模拟环境试验系统。     

并联三自由度运动平台动力学分析

本文由三自由度并联机构的结构入手,介绍了一种一平移两转动的三自由度运动模拟平台,此平台通过改变三个可伸缩的支撑杆的长度来实现模拟平台的特定位姿。应用拉格朗日方程建立动力学模型,分析了机构的结构参数与驱动力的关系,为机械结构设计提供了依据。     

酸性环境下Q2黄土压缩特性试验研究∗

针对酸性污染土物理力学性质恶化的现象,采用室内人工模拟受酸液污染土样的方法,开展土常规试验、压缩试验探究Q2黄土在酸液浸泡时间和酸液浓度双因素作用下,试样孔隙比、含水率等基本物理及压缩系数、压缩模量等指标和压缩e—p曲线的变化规律,以及水-酸耦合作用对黄土压缩性的影响规律。结果表明:浸泡时间一定时,随酸液浓度增大,含水率、孔隙比、压缩系数在逐渐增大,压缩模量在减小。浸泡12 d时,酸液浓度0.1 mol/L增加至3 mol/L,压缩系数a1-2由0.355 MPa-1增大到1.275 MPa-1,压缩模量Es1-2由5.580 MPa减小至1.855 MPa;酸液浓度一定时,随浸泡时间延长,含水率、孔隙比、压缩系数在逐渐增大,压缩模量在减小。酸液浓度3 mol/L时,浸泡时间从1 d至12 d,压缩系数a1-2由0.308 MPa-1增大到1.275 MPa-1,压缩模量Es1-2由6.301 MPa减小至1.855MPa;水-酸耦合作用提高了黄土压缩性,且在充分浸泡条件下,酸液对黄土压缩性的影响远大于水的影响。研究结果可为酸蚀黄土区工程建设提供相关参考。     

强夯置换法在高填方地基处理中的应用

工程实践证明强夯置换法对于软弱地基的处理具有较好的加固效果,但目前尚无成熟的设计施工方法。本文以四川九寨黄龙机场高填方地基处理工程为背景,介绍了强夯置换法加固软弱土层的现场试验,对实测夯沉量、地表隆起量等试验结果进行了分析。同时,运用动力触探测试及室内土工试验等手段对夯后地基的加固效果进行了检测分析。综合试验及检测结果表明,应用此法处理机场工程软弱地基达到了预期的加固效果,原地面以下6m范围内动探击数均大于5击,物理力学指标也均有相当改善。目前,该试验成果已用于指导机场地基处理与高填方填筑体施工,对于其它类似工程亦有一定的借鉴意义。