Local Responses to Inundation and De-Farming in the Reservoir Region of the Three Gorges Project (China)

Large-scale infrastructural developments in rural areas often impose significant direct and indirect impacts on environment and people. The Three Gorges Project to dam the Yangtze River in China will create a huge reservoir, inundate farmlands and villages, and incur large-scale resettlement. The concurrent de-farming program to reforest marginal farmlands on steep slopes imposes additional stresses on local people. This study evaluates the ecological and economic adjustments in rural areas affected by both projects, and explores villagers’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and expectations vis-à-vis the drastic changes. Eleven villages in Yunyang County in Sichuan Province, stratified into three zones based on topography and agriculture, were assessed by field studies, questionnaire surveys, maps, satellite imagery, and census and government reports. Multiple regressions identified predictors for 17 dependent variables. Spatial variations in the difficult terrain imposed zone-differentiated agricultural constraints, ecological impacts, and human responses. The dominant farming population—mainly young adults working as migrant laborers in cities—has adopted some nonagricultural work to supplement incomes. Expected per-capita standardized farmland (SF) exceeded threshold SF, which surpasses existing SF. Motivations to reclaim more farmlands, de-farm marginal lands, and become migrant laborers were explained by different multiple-regression predictors. Reduction in farmland stock by inundation and de-farming, aggravated by unwillingness towards nonlocal resettlement, would impose ecological pressures and stimulate demands for nonfarming incomes. Common anticipation of better future income and occupation has been subdued by unfavorable feedbacks from early relocatees. Future environmental and landscape changes are hinged upon changing human responses. Government policies could be informed by research findings to match economic, ecological, and social realities.     

尾矿坝溃坝后果严重度评价模型研究

尾矿库是一个具有高势能的人造泥石流,一旦溃坝将给当地的工农业生产及尾矿库下游的人民生命财产造成巨大的灾害和损失.分析并提出了影响尾矿坝溃坝后果严重程度的4个主要影响因子(尾矿坝规模、生命损失、经济损失和社会环境影响),依据现行法规,对各影响因子进行了分级,利用综合因子加权法构造了尾矿坝溃坝后果严重度的评价模型,给出了判别严重程度的定量指标.该模型的建立,为尾矿库的风险管理提供了依据.     

混凝土重力坝的地震响应分析

进行了某混凝土重力坝在多遇和罕遇地震荷载作用下的二维地震响应分析,比较了水位条件对大坝动力响应的影响。研究表明,在多遇地震荷载作用下,大坝应力应变关系基本处于弹性状态,在罕遇地震荷载作用下,最大地震动位移出现在大坝上侧,随着水位的上升,大坝上侧的位移和坝踵处动应力逐渐减小,而下游坝面折坡处的动应力基本不变。     

一种基于BP网络和粒子群算法的拱坝可靠度分析方法

为了进行极限状态方程不明确的大型结构可靠度分析,提出了结合神经网络和粒子群优化计算拱坝可靠度的算法。确定性力学分析采用ANSYS软件,利用BP神经网络来模拟高度非线性映射关系的功能函数,基于罚函数和粒子群优化法进行可靠指标计算。综合C语言、ANSYS的APDL二次开发以及MATLAB混合编程技术,编制了该算法的可靠度分析程序。算例表明,该方法适应于隐式功能函数的复杂结构可靠度分析。     

思林水电站碾压混凝土坝的渗流分析

碾压混凝土重力坝的坝身及地基渗径是筑坝中的关键技术问题。文章是以思林水电站碾压混凝土重力坝为研究对象,以大型通用有限元软件ANSYS为平台,其核心是对坝基有相互作用的整体坝段数值模型的建立以及利用程序对典型坝段的渗流场进行二维有限元渗流计算分析,研究碾压混凝土坝渗透特性及其影响因素,并证明了这种分析方法的可行性。     

溃坝后果严重程度评价模型研究

为了建立溃坝严重程度综合评价的定量模型,依据现行法规,采用建立数学模型的方法,分别分析并提出了决定大坝溃决后果严重性的3个主要影响因子(生命损失、经济损失和社会环境影响)的严重程度系数及其对数非线性和对数线性评价模型,构造了溃坝后果严重程度的综合评价模型.依据该模型,定量分析了5座水库大坝溃坝的严重性,给出了判别严重程度的定量指标.     

面板砂砾石坝异常状态渗流计算及稳定分析

运用非饱和土渗流与强度理论,把渗流计算的水力条件用于边坡稳定分析之中,对沟后面板砂砾石坝进行了渗流场分析与边坡稳定计算,得到一些新的结论,可补充以前相关的研究结果。计算结果表明:坝料填筑分离造成的渗透各向异性尽管使浸润线升高,但是由于水平排水能力的提高反而使坝体的孔隙水压力总体上降低,从而也就提高了边坡的抗滑稳定安全性;当顶部面板与坝体脱开并导致异常状态渗流时,坝体顶部有一饱和区并且渗流出逸点很高,但坝体中部仍未饱和,异常状态渗流增加的孔隙水压力有限,对坝坡的抗滑稳定影响也很小,因此,按照最高浸润线的位置确定孔隙水压力进行抗滑稳定计算会导致错误的结果;坝顶异常状态渗流增加的孔隙水压力并不会导致下游坝坡滑动失稳,而坝体顶部渗透破坏会导致局部坍塌,最终发生溃坝事故。     

Effect of a seasonal diffuse pollution migration on natural organic matter behavior in a stratified dam reservoir

This article aims to describe the influence of diffuse pollution on the temporal and spatial characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) in a stratified dam reservoir, the Daecheong Dam, on the basis of intensive observation results and the dynamic water quality simulation using CE-QUAL-W2. Turbidity is regarded as a comprehensive representation of allochothonous organic matter from diffuse sources in storm season because the turbidity concentration showed reasonable significance in a statistical correlation with the UV absorbance at 254 nm and total phosphorus. CE-QUAL-W2 simulation results showed good consistency with the observed data in terms of dissolved organic matter (DOM) including refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) and labile DOC and also well explained the internal movement of constituents and stratification phenomenon in the reservoir. Instead turbidity and NOM were related well in the upper region of the reservoir according to flow distance, gradually as changing to dissolved form of organic matter, RDOM affected organic matter concentration of reservoir water quality compared to turbidity. To control the increase of soluble organic matters in the dam reservoir, appropriate dam water discharge gate operation provided effective measurement. Because of the gate operation let avoid the accumulation of organic matter within a dam reservoir by shorten of turbid regime retention time.     

混凝土重力坝FRP片材表面加固抗震性能研究

如何提高混凝土重力坝薄弱位置的抗震性能是国内外大坝抗震研究的热点问题。本文基于等价静力非线性方法,采用考虑混凝土细观非均匀特性的混凝土损伤模型,研究FRP片材表面加固大坝薄弱位置的抗震有效性。以2座不同形态的混凝土重力坝A、B为例,分别进行坝踵FRP片材表面加固研究和折坡处FRP片材表面加固研究,分析加固前后坝体的应力状态、裂缝扩展情况和破坏形态。数值模拟结果表明:坝踵处采用FRP片材加固可以很好地增强坝体的抗震性能,有效地抑制裂缝的产生和发展;折坡处采用FRP片材加固在一定程度上可以提高坝体的抗震性能,下游坝身加固与否对提高大坝的抗震性能影响不大。     

爆炸荷载下土石坝动力响应特征的数值模拟

土石坝在爆炸荷载下的力学响应是一个非常复杂的力学问题,相关研究甚少。在LS-DYNA软件框架内,以两河口土石坝为研究对象,把坝体材料简化为混凝土、心墙、反滤层与堆石体等4种,用500 kg TNT在坝顶接触爆炸时的瞬态荷载作为荷载源,针对不同材料建立适合于爆炸高加载率特征的本构模型,用数值方法分析了土石坝在潜在爆炸荷载下的破坏与损伤演化规律。结果表明,在爆炸荷载作用下,由于土石坝材料组成的多样性,应力波传播规律异常复杂,土石坝的力学响应呈现出显著的分区特征。