滤坝基质排布方式对微污染水体净化效果的影响

采用吸附效果较好的火山石和炉渣作为填料,构筑了3个室内滤坝小试系统,研究了不同的基质组合配置对滤坝净化污染物的影响.3种不同的基质组配分别方式为:火山石和炉渣均匀混合、沿水流方向先火山石后炉渣和沿水流方向先炉渣后火山石.结果表明,3个滤坝系统对微污染水体具有明显的净化效果,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH3-N)...     

堆石坝加筋坝坡稳定性数值模拟研究

地震作用下堆石坝坝顶堆石的稳定性值得关注。对格栅加筋堆石坝坝坡稳定性的影响进行了数值模拟;用拟静力法模拟水平和竖直向地震动荷载,运用考虑地震荷载的瑞典圆弧滑动法,对坝体整体和坝顶局部区域坝坡稳定性进行了模拟研究;对格栅加筋堆石坝的机理进行了探讨。计算结果表明,加筋可以有效提高坝顶局部区域的抗震性能和坝坡稳定安全系数,且随着格栅加筋层数和格栅抗拉强度的增加,其加筋效果愈加显著。     

湿排法金矿尾矿库环境风险评价实例分析

环境风险评价从20世纪80年代以来就被发达国家纳入环境管理的范畴,我国目前也将其作为可能发生事故危险的建设项目环境管理的重要内容。本文以北方某湿排法金矿尾矿库为例,对其进行环境风险评价。通过风险识别,确定了最大可信事故,并在此基础上提出了风险管理措施。     

长江中上游表层沉积物重金属形态分布特征及风险评价

大坝蓄水显著改变了河流的水文情势,进而影响着河流沉积物的颗粒组成和重金属形态.2019年6～7月,从长江上游金沙江攀枝花市至长江中游湖口县,沿长江干流调查了26个断面,采用欧共体BCR 3步提取法分析了沉积物中8种重金属(As、 Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni、 Pb和Zn)的含量及其赋存形态,并用重金属地累积指数法、沉积物质量基准法和风险评价编码法(RAC)对沉积物重金属污染程度和生物有效性进行风险评价.结果表明,长江上游库区段(金沙江梯级水库段和三峡库区段)从上游至下游沉积物的粒径均值呈减小趋势,沉积物As和Zn全量呈增加趋势,中游段变化规律不明显.沉积物黏粒含量与弱酸提取态Cd和Ni含量呈显著正相关.Cd以残渣态(59.26%)和弱酸提取态(24.67%)为主,Cr(92.41%)和Ni(83.41%)以残渣态为主,As、 Co、 Cu、 Pb和Zn以残渣态和可还原态为主.As、 Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Ni和Zn污染程度大小为：金沙江段>长江中游段>三峡库区段.Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni和Zn的生物有效性(RAC均值)大小：上游三峡段>中游段&...     

上游式筑坝法尾矿坝的安全系数随堆筑坝高变化分析

对于投资较少的上游式尾矿筑坝法而言,在实际的堆积施工过程中,由于很难严格按照设计的坡比进行每一级子坝的堆筑,导致矿方无法及时、真正掌握当前尾矿坝的受力性能和稳定状态。因此,针对某典型尾矿坝剖面,采用迈达斯商业软件试用版对尾矿坝的堆积过程进行了模拟分析,利用强度折减有限元方法对施工当前状态的尾矿坝进行了边坡稳定分析,得到了当前状态尾矿坝的塑性剪应变云图和相对应的抗滑稳定安全系数。比较了尾矿坝安全系数随着子坝堆筑的变化情况,结果发现：随着堆积子坝的进行,尾矿坝的整体抗滑稳定系数逐渐减小,此外在初期坝和一级子坝的下游坡脚处容易出现相对较大的变形。此研究结果为矿部管理部门及时了解尾矿坝的稳定程度和实际生产提供了技术支持。     

尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝演化规律试验研究

为分析尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝的演化规律,采用物理模型试验方法建立尾矿库漫顶溃坝演化模型。在自主研制的尾矿库溃坝模拟试验平台上,以国内某尾矿库为研究对象,基于非恒定水流泥沙非平衡非饱和冲刷机理,根据模型相似理论和溃决侵蚀模型原理,模拟尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝过程,建立尾矿库漫顶溃坝演化模型。试验结果表明,尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝位移与坝体饱和程度有关,坝体浸润线越高,尾矿库溃坝时滑动位移越大,溃口破坏程度取决于溢流对坝体的冲刷侵蚀作用;在该试验条件下,获得尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝过程中坝体位移、浸润线高度、溃口最大流速和溃口的演化规律。降低坝体浸润线高度、增大安全干滩长度、铺设坝面引流明渠等措施有助于减少尾矿库洪水漫顶溃坝的灾害破坏。     

Upstream Sediment‐Control Dams: Five Decades of Experience in the Rapidly Eroding Dahan River Basin,Taiwan

Sedimentation is emerging as a key issue in sustainable reservoir management. One approach to controlling reservoir sedimentation is to trap sediment in hydraulic structures upstream of the reservoir. In the 1,163‐km² catchment of the Dahan River (Taiwan) over 120 “sabo” dams were built to reduce sediment yield to Shihmen Reservoir. Built in 1963 for water supply, Shihmen has lost over 40% of its 290‐Mm³ storage capacity to sedimentation. Most of these upstream structures were small, but three had capacities >9 Mm³. Field measurements and historical data from the Water Resources Agency show most smaller dams had filled with sediment by 1976. The three largest were full or nearly so by 2007, when one (Barlin Dam) failed, releasing a pulse of 7.5 Mm³, most of its 10.4 Mm³ stored sediment downstream. The Central Range of Taiwan is rapidly eroding (denudation rates 3‐6 mm/yr), so geologically high loads make sediment problems manifest sooner. Even in other environments, however, eventually small dams built upstream of large reservoirs are likely to fill themselves, creating multiple small sediment‐filled reservoirs, some located in sites inaccessible to mechanical removal. Our analysis suggests sabo dams do not offer a long‐term basis for controlling reservoir sedimentation in such a high‐sediment yield environment. Sustainable solutions must somehow pass sediment downstream, as would be accomplished by a sediment bypass around Shihmen Reservoir, as now being studied.     

Daily Bank Erosion Rates in the Lower Yellow River Before and After Dam Construction

During the period of water impoundment and sediment detention of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, riverbank erosion processes played a key role in the channel evolution of the Lower Yellow River (LYR). However, research into bank erosion rates of the LYR has been neglected due to the lack of direct field monitoring. In this study, an indirect method is proposed to determine bank erosion rates at daily time scales by outlining a detailed calculation procedure using measured hydrological data. A total of 810 data points of daily bank erosion rates before and after the construction of Sanmenxia Dam was calculated at seven hydrometric sections along the LYR, with the corresponding values of the bank stability coefficient and the width‐to‐depth ratio also being calculated. Empirical relations were then developed to estimate the daily bank erosion rates, using these parameters at the sections. Temporal and spatial variability in daily bank erosion rates in the LYR before and after dam construction were also investigated, revealing that: (1) the bank erosion rates had a mean value of 16.7‐29.1 m/day in the braided reach, with a maximum value of 290.0 m/day, while they were relatively low in the meandering reach, with a mean value of 2.5 m/day; (2) the erosion rates before dam construction were slightly greater than those after dam construction, with the difference reaching 5‐10 m/day in the braided reach, decreasing in the transitional reach gradually, and being slight in the meandering reach.     

尾矿库溃坝风险评价方法的研究进展

溃坝风险评价作为管理者开展尾矿库风险管理的重要手段,对减少和防止尾矿库溃坝事故的发生,保障其安全运行具有重要意义。因此,进行尾矿库溃坝风险评价相关理论和方法的研究非常必要。通过大量的文献调研和分析,较系统回顾和总结了中国尾矿库溃坝风险评价方法的运用现状,并对不同方法存在的问题和局限性进行了探讨。在此基础上,指出了尾矿库溃坝风险评价未来的研究方向。     

The Aging of America's Reservoirs: In‐Reservoir and Downstream Physical Changes and Habitat Implications

Reservoirs are important for various purposes including flood control, water supply, power generation, and recreation. The aging of America's reservoirs and progressive loss of water storage capacity resulting from ongoing sedimentation, coupled with increasing societal needs, will cause the social, economic, environmental, and political importance of reservoirs to continually increase. The short‐ and medium‐term (<50 years) environmental consequences of reservoir construction and operation are well known and include an altered flow regime, lost connectivity (longitudinal, floodplain), an altered sediment regime, substrate compositional change, and downstream channel degradation. In general, reservoir‐related changes have had adverse consequences for the natural ecosystem. Longer term (>50 years) environmental changes as reservoirs enter “old” age are less understood. Additional research is needed to help guide the future management of aging reservoir systems and support the difficult decisions that will have to be made. Important research directions include assessment of climate change effects on aging and determination of ecosystem response to ongoing aging and various management actions that may be taken with the intent of minimizing or reversing the physical effects of aging.