某尾矿坝稳定性数值分析

基于某尾矿库目前标高和最终标高的概化模型,在正常水位和洪水位两种工况下,采用GeoStudio软件中的SEEP/W模块进行渗流场模拟,并应用SLOPE/W模块对每种条件下尾矿坝的稳定性进行数值计算,得到最危险滑动面和最小抗滑稳定系数。结果表明,在排渗设施正常工作的情况下,尾矿坝边坡稳定性均满足规范要求的最小安全系数,但终高洪水位时坝体安全系数的富余不是很大。同时验证了尾矿坝安全系数随着库内水位的上升以及浸润线深度的变化规律。     

石羊河流域水坝建设生态经济影响综合评价

客观评价水坝建设对区域生态、经济的影响问题,对于完善我国水利工程环境影响评价和促进水坝与生态系统的和谐发展具有重要意义.本研究根据水坝对干旱内陆河流域生态、经济影响的特点,建立了评价指标体系,对石羊河流域水坝修建初(20世纪60—70年代)和水坝运行40年后(2000—2010年)生态、经济状况进行对比评估.结果表明:1植被和水资源指数在水坝建设生态影响评价指标中具有非常重要的作用,生物丰富度指数、水网密度指数和地表水空间分布在指标层各评价因子中占据最高权重.2流域水坝建设使得区域社会经济指数有较大提高,而自然规律、生物资源和人居环境则均有不同程度的降低,反映出水坝建设对区域生态经济的促进是建立在不断消耗自然资源基础之上的,也就是说经济增长是以区域的生态环境逐步恶化为前提的,缺少生态可持续性.     

河道型水库滑坡涌浪漫坝特性*

为探究山区河道型水库中,滑坡涌浪产生的冲击波对重力坝漫坝的影响,运用三维物理模型试验方法,探究近坝库区滑坡涌浪冲击波到达坝前时,坝前首浪最大振幅与涌浪漫坝体积的关系。结果显示,坝前首浪振幅沿坝体两岸向中间减小,坝段中心容易出现最小值;漫坝体积随首浪振幅的增加而增大。研究结果表明:坝前首浪最大振幅与涌浪漫坝体积两者呈正相关关系,漫坝体积受滑坡体角度与滑坡体积影响显著,进而构建漫坝体积计算方法。研究结果能够为大坝安全评估提供一定参考依据。     

溪洛渡坝区下游癞子沟泥石流发育特征及堵江可能性分析

在野外详细调查、测绘的基础上,研究了癞子沟泥石流的特性,分析了泥石流堵江的可能性。研究结果表明,癞子沟是一条老泥石流沟,泥石流的性质为过渡—粘性,容重为1.8～2.2 t/m3,规模属大—特大型。通过计算和分析,癞子沟泥石流在区域性降雨条件下,不会堵断金沙江,但是在局地暴雨条件下,可能堵断金沙江。如果在200年一遇泥石流堵断的情况下,堵河的高度达20.11 m;500年一遇时,堵河的高度达30.39 m。堵江后不但会淹没大坝尾水出水口,而且导致沟口右岸的癞子沟碴场失稳,形成灾害链。     

均质土坝非平稳随机地震反应分析

考虑地震荷载的随机性及强度、频率的非平稳性,基于作者提出的适用于非平稳随机过程的一般随机地震动模型,采用虚拟激励法,建立了非平稳随机地震反应分析方法,并将其应用于某实际均质土坝动力分析中。土石坝及坝基体系采用整体有限元离散,坝体和坝基材料的动力非线性性能以等效线性化方法考虑。首先,基于目标加速度时程的强度和能量信息,确定了作为输入的加速度时—频演变功率谱密度;其次,比较了确定性时程动力分析和非平稳随机分析的结果,探讨了频率非平稳随机地震激励下的土石坝地震反应特性;最后,比较了2种不同坝基条件下的土石坝非平稳随机地震反应,探讨了频率非平稳随机激励下的土石—坝基动力相互作用。分析结果表明:地震动的频率非平稳性对土石坝动力反应有一定影响;坝体—坝基动力相互作用在地震过程中的不同阶段表现有所不同,主震阶段的相互作用显著。     

尾矿库溃坝的安全监测

通过尾矿库溃坝事故的原因分析,提出将浸润线、防洪容量、坝体位移和降雨量作为尾矿库监测预警系统的监测指标,详细分析监测指标的设置、原理、功能及预警,实现尾矿库主要安全指标的在线自动监测,为预测尾矿库的运行状况提供了有力的保障。     

细粒尾矿快速筑坝新技术及工程应用

为解决传统细粒尾矿上游式筑坝方法面临的坝基承载力不足、排渗加固滞后、防洪超高不足等难题,以满足企业大规模生产时快速筑坝的实际需求,通过开展细粒尾矿软滩模袋法堆坝工艺、尾矿库快速堆坝工业示范、坝体稳定性评估等研究,提出集尾矿模袋法强基、宽顶子坝增稳、坝基协同排渗为一体的细粒尾矿快速筑坝新技术及配套施工工艺.结果表明:经过...     

Fish-Passage Facilities as Ecological Traps in Large Neotropical Rivers

Abstract:  At present most of the large rivers of South America are impounded. Management plans historically have relied on the construction of fish passages, specifically ladders, to mitigate the impact of these waterway blockages on fisheries and biodiversity. Nevertheless, the design of these facilities is not ecologically sound and they are not monitored continually. Consequently, the real role of South American fish passages in fisheries and biodiversity management is unclear and the results of some studies suggest that ladders are problematic in fish conservation. We examined the characteristics and negative aspects of fish passages within a larger context and considered the notion that these facilities are ecological traps in some Brazilian impoundments. Four conditions are required to characterize a fish passage as an ecological trap: (1) attractive forces leading fish to ascend the passage; (2) unidirectional migratory movements (upstream); (3) the environment above the passage has poor conditions for fish recruitment (e.g., the absence of spawning grounds and nursery areas); and (4) the environment below the passage has a proper structure for recruitment. When these conditions exist individuals move to poor-quality habitats, fitness is reduced, and populations are threatened. To exemplify this situation we analyzed two case studies in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil, in which the four conditions were met and migratory fish populations were declining. If passages work as ecological traps, regional fisheries will be in danger of collapse and conservation policies toward biodiversity will become more difficult and ineffective. The situation demands the closing of the passage in conjunction with alternative management actions to preserve system functionality, especially the conservation of critical habitats downstream and the restoration of damaged habitats in the region.     

Local Responses to Inundation and De-Farming in the Reservoir Region of the Three Gorges Project (China)

Large-scale infrastructural developments in rural areas often impose significant direct and indirect impacts on environment and people. The Three Gorges Project to dam the Yangtze River in China will create a huge reservoir, inundate farmlands and villages, and incur large-scale resettlement. The concurrent de-farming program to reforest marginal farmlands on steep slopes imposes additional stresses on local people. This study evaluates the ecological and economic adjustments in rural areas affected by both projects, and explores villagers’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and expectations vis-à-vis the drastic changes. Eleven villages in Yunyang County in Sichuan Province, stratified into three zones based on topography and agriculture, were assessed by field studies, questionnaire surveys, maps, satellite imagery, and census and government reports. Multiple regressions identified predictors for 17 dependent variables. Spatial variations in the difficult terrain imposed zone-differentiated agricultural constraints, ecological impacts, and human responses. The dominant farming population—mainly young adults working as migrant laborers in cities—has adopted some nonagricultural work to supplement incomes. Expected per-capita standardized farmland (SF) exceeded threshold SF, which surpasses existing SF. Motivations to reclaim more farmlands, de-farm marginal lands, and become migrant laborers were explained by different multiple-regression predictors. Reduction in farmland stock by inundation and de-farming, aggravated by unwillingness towards nonlocal resettlement, would impose ecological pressures and stimulate demands for nonfarming incomes. Common anticipation of better future income and occupation has been subdued by unfavorable feedbacks from early relocatees. Future environmental and landscape changes are hinged upon changing human responses. Government policies could be informed by research findings to match economic, ecological, and social realities.     

尾矿坝溃坝后果严重度评价模型研究

尾矿库是一个具有高势能的人造泥石流,一旦溃坝将给当地的工农业生产及尾矿库下游的人民生命财产造成巨大的灾害和损失.分析并提出了影响尾矿坝溃坝后果严重程度的4个主要影响因子(尾矿坝规模、生命损失、经济损失和社会环境影响),依据现行法规,对各影响因子进行了分级,利用综合因子加权法构造了尾矿坝溃坝后果严重度的评价模型,给出了判别严重程度的定量指标.该模型的建立,为尾矿库的风险管理提供了依据.