影响尾矿坝渗流场的因素分析

在将尾矿坝剖面概化为一基本剖面的基础上 ,探讨了坝体内各层渗透系数之比、尾矿堆坝干滩长度、尾矿堆坝上游坡度、下游坡度、出口附近渗透系数降低等因素对尾矿坝浸润线的特殊影响 ,提出尾矿坝前期设计中应综合考虑能够降低浸润线的各因素 ,以设计出更合适的坝型、排渗设施及其合理尺寸。笔者对影响尾矿坝渗流场的因素分析和研究的结果可为尾矿坝设计、施工及尾矿坝的管理提供参考。     

大坝性态危险程度判别模型研究

通过分析大坝性态与大坝危险性间的关系,建立了基于logistic生长曲线的大坝危险程度评价模型,提出了基于大坝性态的各监测分析项目变权重确定方法,给出了一种依据大坝实时安全监测和分析结果综合评价大坝危险性程度的定量评价线性加权和技术,最后给出了一个大坝危险性定量分析案例,结果表明,本文方法具有可行性.     

土石坝高聚物防渗墙离心机振动台模型试验研究∗

为研究高聚物防渗墙的抗震性能,开展了土石坝高聚物防渗墙和混凝土防渗墙离心机振动台模型试验研究。在调幅分别为0.2g和0.4g El-Centro地震波输入条件下,通过对墙体动应力、超孔隙水压力、动土压力、坝体加速度、坝顶沉降等数据的采集分析以及试验后的开挖验证,结果发现:强震下高聚物防渗墙的动应力远小于混凝土防渗墙,与坝体加速度响应较为一致,但对动力的传递作用使得下游坝坡承受较大的水平土压力作用。研究表明高聚物防渗墙具有较好的变形协调性及良好的抗震性能,但选用高聚物防渗墙的土石坝应注意下游坝坡的加固处理。     

闸坝河流河道内生态需水研究——以淮河为例

提出了一种估算闸坝下游河道内生态需水的方法--改进的生态水力半径法（AdaptedEcologicalHydraulicRadiusApproach,AEHRA）,该法能够同时计算输出相应河段的生态水位,方便对闸坝进行调度。将其应用到淮河,以鱼类作为生态保护目标,估算了上、中、下游共4个典型闸坝下游河段的生态需水和生态水位,结果表明:①鱼类产卵期内需要较大的生态流量,其顺序为:蚌埠>周口>颍上>白龟山,下游大于上游,中游居中,受断面影响显著;非产卵期则为:周口>颍上>蚌埠>白龟山,中游大于上下游,受河流鱼种影响较大。周口闸下河段全年各月生态需水量相同,需加强上游闸坝的联合调度满足冬季12~-月的生态需水;②要维持河道内生态流量,需进行闸坝调度调整下游水位,保证生态水位;③淮河受人类活动影响剧烈,河流的连续性被切断,生态需水变化没有连续性,只有根据最小生态水位通过闸坝调度,维持河道生态系统最小生态需水,才能逐步恢复淮河健康生态。     

数字尾矿库系统结构及功能实现方法

我国三等以上尾矿库均建成了尾矿库在线监测系统,为进一步提升尾矿库管控水平,提出可在在线监测系统基础上建设数字尾矿库工程的思路。数字尾矿库工程是借助全数字测量、遥感、地理信息系统或全球定位系统等现代化手段采集基础数据,实现尾矿库地形地势、水文气象、监测监控、调洪、尾矿坝稳定、风险分析、设备设施管理、应急培训等功能有机集成的统一管控平台。在总结数字尾矿库研究现状的基础上,借鉴水利水电工程中数字黄河、数字长江工程建设理论和方法,研究了数字山谷型尾矿库系统的功能和实现方法,提出了数字山谷型尾矿库系统的结构框架,并对数字平台建设、调洪演算实现、坝体稳定在线分析预警及应急培训等子系统的实现方法进行了深入研究,研究成果可为后期数字尾矿库建设提供参考。     

尾矿坝浸润线的坝面快速观测方法研究

在尾矿砂含水率和电阻率关系研究的基础上,提出了在坝体表面进行高密度电法测量的方法获得电阻率剖面。该方法通过室内实验,可判断浸润线位置,具有可需钻孔施工,机动灵活,工程量小,误差小,测点多,分辨率高等优点,通过实际工程应用,证明该方法能够快速准确地对尾矿坝浸润线实施观测。     

平稳随机地震动模型及其在土石坝随机地震反应分析中的应用

考虑地震动的随机性,根据随机过程理论,提出一种简单的模拟平稳随机过程的地震动模型,并给出了确定模型参数的原则和方法。继而,将其应用于一均质土坝,并与K ana i谱和M arkov谱进行了比较,验证了该模型的合理性。同时,探讨了该土石坝在随机地震动激励下的地震反应。     

Scenario‐Based and Scenario‐Neutral Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Operational Performance of a Multipurpose Reservoir

Scenario‐based and scenario‐neutral impacts assessment approaches provide complementary information about how climate change‐driven effects on streamflow may change the operational performance of multipurpose dams. Examining a case study of Cougar Dam in Oregon, United States, we simulated current reservoir operations under scenarios of plausible future hydrology. Streamflow projections from the CGCM3.1 general circulation model for the A1B emission scenario were used to generate stochastic reservoir inflows that were then further perturbed to simulate a potentially drier future. These were then used to drive a simple reservoir model. In the scenario‐based analysis, we found reservoir operations are vulnerable to climate change. Increases in fall and winter inflow could lead to more frequent flood storage, reducing flexibility to store incoming flood flows. Uncertainty in spring inflow volume complicates projection of future filling performance. The reservoir may fill more or less often, depending on whether springs are wetter or drier. In the summer, drawdown may occur earlier to meet conservation objectives. From the scenario‐neutral analysis, we identified thresholds of streamflow magnitude that can predict climate change impacts for a wide range of scenarios. Our results highlight projected operational challenges for Cougar Dam and provide an example of how scenario‐based and scenario‐neutral approaches may be applied concurrently to assess climate change impacts.     

Synthesis of Common Management Concerns Associated with Dam Removal

Managers make decisions regarding if and how to remove dams in spite of uncertainty surrounding physical and ecological responses, and stakeholders often raise concerns about certain negative effects, regardless of whether these concerns are warranted at a particular site. We used a dam‐removal science database supplemented with other information sources to explore seven frequently raised concerns, herein Common Management Concerns (CMCs). We investigate the occurrence of these concerns and the contributing biophysical controls. The CMCs addressed are the following: degree and rate of reservoir sediment erosion, excessive channel incision upstream of reservoirs, downstream sediment aggradation, elevated downstream turbidity, drawdown impacts on local water infrastructure, colonization of reservoir sediments by nonnative plants, and expansion of invasive fish. Biophysical controls emerged for some of the concerns, providing managers with information to assess whether a given concern is likely to occur at a site. To fully assess CMC risk, managers should concurrently evaluate site conditions and identify the ecosystem or human uses that will be negatively affected if the biophysical phenomenon producing the CMC occurs. We show how many CMCs have one or more controls in common, facilitating the identification of multiple risks at a site, and demonstrate why CMC risks should be considered in the context of other factors such as natural watershed variability and disturbance history.     

Demographic shifts around drinking water supply reservoirs in North Carolina,USA

Infrastructure intended to serve the public good frequently has implications for environmental justice and social sustainability. Drinking water supplies for sub/urban areas in North Carolina, USA, have regularly been secured by constructing dams to impound reservoirs. We used high-resolution, publicly available US Census data to explore whether 66 such reservoirs in North Carolina have induced demographic shifts in the communities that find themselves adjacent to the newly created lakeshores. Our principal findings include: (1) The ratio of white people to non-white people was significantly higher in communities within 0.5 miles of reservoir shorelines than in more distant communities; (2) even as North Carolina overall became less white from 1990 to 2010, the ratio of white people to non-white people within the 0.5 miles of the shoreline increased relative to the overall ratio in the State; and (3) similar, but less distinct, shifts in per capita income occurred during the period. Our results are consistent with the proposition that reservoirs have induced demographic shifts in communities adjacent to newly created lakeshores similar to the shifts associated with environmental gentrification and amenity migration, and may now be associated with perpetuating those shifts. These findings raise concerns about environmental justice and social sustainability that should be considered when planning and building infrastructure that creates environmental amenities. Where reservoirs are being planned, social costs, including the costs of demographic shifts associated with environmental gentrification or amenity migration, and disproportionate regulatory burdens, should be mitigated through innovative policy if possible.