Impacts of Dams on Flow Regimes in Three Headwater Subbasins of the Columbia River Basin,United States1

Moore, Johnnie N., Alicia S. Arrigoni, and Andrew C. Wilcox, 2012. Impacts of Dams on Flow Regimes in Three Headwater Subbasins of the Columbia River Basin, United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 925‐938. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00660.x Abstract: We compared long‐term changes in flow regimes resulting from climate change with those resulting from dams in three matched pairs of natural and modified headwater subbasins of the Columbia River. Based on the analysis of 12 flow‐regime metrics, we found that damming had minimal effect on most quantity of flow metrics, but major effect on timing of flow metrics, especially those representing “spring runoff.” In all modified subbasins, “spring runoff” metrics occurred much earlier than natural flow (up to ～44 days earlier for April‐July flows). Storage capacity modulated the magnitude of timing of flow‐metric changes, with the largest storage capacity leading to the most change. However, even in subbasins with low storage capacity, we found significant change in most timing of flow metrics. We also found that damming, especially in subbasins with higher storage capacity, overwhelmed climate variability in all basins for most flow metrics. This shows that reservoir operations need to be modified to more closely match the natural timing of flow regimes to promote positive ecologic response in modified rivers, even in basins where quantity of flow metrics have not changed substantially as a result of damming.     

德兴铜矿2号尾矿库安全管理经验

从4个部分介绍了德兴铜矿2号尾矿库生产运行情况,安全管理的一些具体做法。并针对生产中存在的问题进行了剖析、总结,取得了一些经验,对后期堆坝的设计、管理工作也具有一定的指导意义。     

尾矿坝沉积结构特征与性能演化规律研究进展

为了进一步分析尾矿坝沉积结构特征与性能演化规律,本文综述国内外尾矿沉积规律、物理力学特性、服役性能演化规律及溃坝评价方法等有关尾矿坝安全稳定评价的研究现状,指出当前研究存在的不足.在尾矿库沉积规律的研究中,由于模型试验的流槽尺寸有限、边界效应较强,放矿条件不同,对尾矿沉积分布尚未得出一致性规律.而针对多种因素影响下的尾...     

支持向量回归机在尾矿坝浸润线预测中的应用

本文提出一种基于支持向量回归机的浸润线高度预测方法,从大量尾矿库监测数据中选取有效样本,运用留一法对支持向量回归机参数进行优化选取,建立预测模型。结果表明：该方法能在小样本、高精度要求下对浸润线高度进行准确的预测。     

汶川8.0级地震绵阳市游仙区水库震害调查与分析

5.12汶川特大地震给四川省水库造成了严重的震害和巨大的经济损失。依据绵阳市水库地震灾害的现场科学考察资料,对绵阳市游仙区44座高危险情以上的水库土坝的震损现象做了初步总结和分析。发现这些震损水库基本上都建于1950~1980年,未经抗震设计,典型震害现象包括水库坝顶中部及坝轴线两侧纵向裂缝、坝体纵横向裂缝和坝坡局部滑裂等,并有水库泄水构筑物震损、防浪墙倒塌、上游坡护坡下滑、坝坡挡土墙倒塌等。这说明对小型水库土坝进行抗震设防是必要的,今后应深入研究小型水库土坝的震害机制,以指导水库土坝的抗震设计。     

Water Supply Reliability Tradeoffs between Removing Reservoir Storage and Improving Water Conveyance in California

Population growth, climate change, aging infrastructure, and changing societal values alter how water must be managed in the 21st Century. O'Shaughnessy Dam, located in Yosemite National Park, has been identified as a possible candidate for dam removal. It is a component of San Francisco's Hetch Hetchy System and is operated for water supply and hydropower. This article describes a spatially scaled approach to analyze water reliability without O'Shaughnessy Dam, but with improved water conveyance between the Hetch Hetchy System and existing reservoirs and aqueducts at the watershed, regional Bay Area, and statewide scales. It broadens previous research to highlight larger scale implications of removing O'Shaughnessy Dam and evaluates the role of improved water conveyance for water management. CALifornia Value Integrated Network, a large‐scale hydro‐economic model evaluates intertied water management using estimated urban and agricultural water demands for year 2050 with 72‐year historical and warm, dry hydrologic conditions. Results suggest that O'Shaughnessy Dam can be removed with additional conveyance at any spatial scale while maintaining water reliability. With a warm, dry climate, water reliability, and storage decline, indicating removing O'Shaughnessy Dam may have less effect on water management than climate change when conveyance is improved between the Hetch Hetchy System and nearby systems. Improving water conveyance can sometimes substitute for water storage in storage‐rich watersheds.     

汶川地震震损水库土坝动力反应与几何坝形的经验关系

在5·12汶川地震后的四川省水库土坝震害调查成果的基础上,选取汶川地震中受损的有完整资料的96座水库土坝为研究对象,应用等效线性模型对土坝进行了二维动力反应分析。选择3条有代表性的汶川地震实测记录,以三水准峰值加速度输入,得到土坝的动力反应(放大系数、最大动剪应力)与土坝几何形状(宽高比、上游坡比、坝高)间的经验关系。结果表明,土坝放大系数和最大动剪应力随着宽高比和上游坡比的增大而减小,随着坝高的增大而增大;输入波的频谱和峰值强度均对土坝动力反应与其几何形状的经验关系有重要影响。     

宽级配砾质土应力路径试验研究

对某土石坝工程的宽级配砾质土进行了三轴等应力比应力路径试验,试验分别模拟了土石坝施工填筑期及蓄水期可能的应力路径,研究了宽级配砾质土在复杂应力状态下的应力应变特性。研究表明,砾质土心墙料在等主应力比和等主应力增量比应力路径作用下,应力应变表现出较好的线性关系;在竣工期,其平均主应力p(或剪应力q)与体应变ε_v及剪应变ε_s的曲线关系都为幂函数形式,ε_v—ε_1、ε_3—ε_1关系均可用线性函数来表示,而在蓄水期,各应力与应变之间的曲线关系则基本上都可以用线性关系来表示。本文研究明确了复杂应力路径下宽级配砾质土的应力应变关系,为建立宽级配砾质土的应力应变本构模型提供了一个重要线索。     

张家口清水河拦沙坝对磷输移-滞留的影响

磷在河流中的输移-滞留过程是河流生态系统中营养物质循环的基本组成,也是评价河流生态系统健康的重要指标之一.为探究拦沙坝对磷输移-滞留过程的影响,选取张家口清水河流域内拦沙坝河段为研究区域,在4个代表性断面对地表水中各形态磷质量浓度和径流过程进行监测,并收集当地实时降雨数据.结果表明:①拦沙坝下游与上游的总磷(TP)、总...     

基于改进CM的尾矿坝体变形4级预警阈值确定方法*

为改善我国尾矿库在线监测系统由于重建设、轻利用而导致的事故预警能力被制约的现状,以尾矿坝体变形速率监测指标为研究对象,通过引入改进云模型,根据3E规则确定尾矿坝变形监测的正常运营值边界,建立尾矿库坝体变形速率4级预警阈值确定模型,以湖北省某尾矿库为例进行实例分析。结果表明:通过提出的坝体预警阈值确定方法,可得出尾矿库坝体变形速率黄、橙、红各级预警阀值分别为10.842,16.68,25.02 mm/d;进一步与典型小概率法计算结果对比表明,所提出的尾矿坝变形速率4级预警阈值确定方法更加科学合理,可用于尾矿库重要安全监测指标预警值的确定。