无铰拱形泥石流拦挡坝研究

在泥石流防治工程中，拦挡坝是应用得比较广泛的一种措施。利用土木建筑中的拱结构形式，结合锚杆技术，引入了无铰拱形拦挡坝的概念。在狭窄河谷中，采用无铰拱形坝既可以改善坝体的工作环境，提高其承载能力，又可以减少材料用量，从而降低造价。针对无铰拱形坝的受力特性，进行了分析，提出了加强坝体、实现无铰的构造措施。     

REASSEMBLING HETCH HETCHY: WATER SUPPLY WITHOUT O'SHAUGHNESSY DAM1

The Hetch Hetchy System provides San Francisco with most of its water supply. O'Shaughnessy Dam is one component of this system, providing approximately 25 percent of water storage for the Hetch Hetchy System and none of its conveyance. Removing O'Shaughnessy Dam has gained interest for restoring Hetch Hetchy Valley. The water supply feasibility of removing O'Shaughnessy Dam is analyzed by examining alternative water storage and delivery operations for San Francisco using an economic engineering optimization model. This model ignores institutional and political constraints and has perfect hydrologic foresight to explore water supply possibilities through reoperation of other existing reservoirs. The economic benefits of O'Shaughnessy Dam and its alternatives are measured in terms of the quantity of water supplied to San Francisco and agricultural water users, water treatment costs, and hydropower generation. Results suggest there could be little water scarcity if O'Shaughnessy Dam were to be removed, although removal would be costly due to additional water treatment costs and lost hydropower generation.     

A HYDRAULIC TRANSIENT MODEL OF THE UPPER ST. LAWRENCE RIVER FOR WATER RESOURCES STUDIES1

ABSTRACT: A one-dimensional hydraulic transient model has been designed for water resource studies of Lake Ontario and the Upper St. Lawrence River. The model simulates water surface profiles and flows in the St. Lawrence River between Lake Ontario and the Moses-Saunders Power Dam under both open water and ice-covered conditions. Errors in water surface elevations were found to be less than 0.2 feet during quasi-steady conditions on the river. Comparable errors occurred during the ice-covered conditions. A sensitivity analysis found the model to be most sensitive to the roughness coefficients and the flow through the power dam.     

AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO DAM REMOVAL: THE MANATAWNY CREEK STUDY1

ABSTRACT: Dam removal has been proposed as an effective method of river restoration, but few integrative studies have examined ecological responses to the removal of dams. In 1999, we initiated an interdisciplinary study to determine ecological responses to the removal of a 2 m high dam on lower Manatawny Creek in southeastern Pennsylvania. We used an integrative monitoring program to assess the physical, chemical, and biological responses to dam removal. Following removal in 2000, increased sediment transport has led to major changes in channel form in the former impoundment and downstream reaches. Water quality did not change markedly following removal, probably because of the impoundment's short hydraulic residence time (less than two hours at base flow) and infrequent temperature stratification. When the impoundment was converted to a free flowing reach, the composition of the benthic macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages in this portion of Manatawny Creek shifted dramatically from lentic to lotic taxa. Some fish species inhabiting the free flowing reach downstream from the dam were negatively affected by large scale sediment transport and habitat alteration following dam removal, but this appears to be a short term response. Based on our observations and experiences in this study, we provide a list of issues to evaluate when considering future dam removals.     

选矿项目环评中需要关注的几个问题

随着选矿项目的急剧增加，选矿项目的污染已成为公众关心的问题，受到政府管理部门的高度重视。根据选矿项目尾矿沙产生量较大的实际情况，文中着重介绍了在环评中重点评价尾矿库选址、尾矿库容计算和尾矿坝的设计施工。为环境管理部门决策提供了技术支持。     

Utility of check dams in dilution of fluoride concentration in ground water and the resultant analysis of blood serum and urine of villagers,Anantapur District,Andhra Pradesh,India

High levels of fluoride (beyond 1.5 ppm) in ground water as source of drinking water are common in many parts of Andhra Pradesh, India, causing fluorosis. The study carried out in endemic Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, has indicated that the fluoride-rich ground water present in the wells located down stream and close to the surface water bodies is getting diluted by the low-fluoride surface water. Encouraged by this result, check dams were constructed upstream of the identified marginally high fluoride bearing ground water zones in Anantapur District to reduce fluoride levels as an alternate solution for safe drinking water.In this paper, an attempt is made to study the utility and effect of these check dams in dilution of fluoride concentration in drinking water and its resultant impact on the health aspects of certain villagers of Anantapur District through the analysis of their blood serum and urine. Ground water samples from three fluoride-affected villages, blood and urine of males and females from the same villages were collected and analyzed for fluoride using ion selective electrode method. The results indicated that the fluoride levels in blood serum and urine of males in the age group of 5–11 years are found to be the highest. The concentration of fluoride in ground water is directly proportional to the concentration of fluoride in blood serum and urine. The concentration of fluoride in ground water with depth of the aquifer is a function of lithology, amount and duration of rainfall, rate of infiltration, level of ground water exploitation in the area etc. The construction of check dams upstream of the identified marginally high fluoride waters will not only cause additional recharge of ground water but also reduces the fluoride concentration eventually improving the health of the villagers.     

尾矿坝浸润线时空混沌及其安全机理

在单向耦合映象格子模型基础上,考虑尾矿坝坡角因素,建立了浸润线耦合映象格子模型vn 1(i)=(1-ε)f(vn(i)) ε(1 sinθ)f(vn(i-1)).根据浸润线的初值条件和边界条件,对该模型进行了非线性动力学分析.结果表明,浸润线演化存在复杂时空混沌行为,可分为随机图样流、选择图样流、缺陷传播行为及完全发展湍流4种.非线性强度α和耦合强度ε的取值范围较小, 且ε较小时就可以得到非常丰富的动力学图案.浸润线演化受坡角影响比较明显,坡角越大越容易出现混沌状态.浸润线的各种时空行为反映了其相应的客观状态,从而揭示了浸润线的安全机理.浸润线耦合映象格子模型也可以用来解释其他各类边坡的复杂渗流现象.     

三门峡水利枢纽工程生态影响后评价

为推动生态影响后评价的实施,完善水利水电工程的全过程环境管理,在阐述三门峡水利枢纽工程所在区域生态环境现状的基础上,度量了研究区的植被净第一性生产力以及气候生产潜力,分析了水生态环境特征的变化,以及研究区生物多样性和致灾因子在水库建成蓄水前后的不同特征．分析结果表明,水库的建设与运行对局部区域植被净生产力有一定影响,并对水生态环境有不利影响。     

CHANNEL STABILITY DOWNSTREAM FROM A DAM ASSESSED USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND STREAM‐GAGE INFORMATION1

ABSTRACT: The stability of the Neosho River channel downstream from John Redmond Dam, in southeast Kansas, was investigated using multiple‐date aerial photographs and stream‐gage information. Bankfull channel width was used as the primary indicator variable to assess pre‐ and post‐dam channel change. Five sin‐mile river reaches and four stream gages were used in the analysis. Results indicated that, aside from some localized channel widening, the overall channel change has been minor with little post‐dam change in bankfull channel width. The lack of a pronounced post‐dam channel change may be attributed to a substantial reduction in the magnitude of the post‐dam annual peak discharges in combination with the resistance to erosion of the bed and bank materials. Also, the channel may have been overwidened by a series of large floods that predated construction of the dam, including one with an estimated 500‐year recurrence interval.     

The influence of climate and dam construction on the Ibera wetlands, Argentina

The purpose of this work is to assess the impact on the Esteros del Ibera wetland ecosystem caused by the Yacyreta dam, a large hydroelectric power plant on the Parana River, Argentina, in comparison to other factors of environmental change. The project of the dam started around 1970. The power plant began operating in 1994. In 1989, the neighboring Ibera wetland ecosystem showed a substantial increase in the water level for which several different causes were conceivable, including climate change and the dam construction. We analyzed all existing hydrometeorological data and studied other changes that were observed in this ecosystem. A water balance model was used to analyze different scenarios. Increased groundwater inflow, generated since the construction of the dam, appears to be affecting the wetland more than any other factor. The study has implications for the assessment of global and regional consequences of building dams.