Building community resilience: business preparedness lessons in the case of Adapazarı, Turkey

The lack of attention paid to businesses in disaster management systems from the standpoint of state policies hampers efforts to build community resilience. This paper examines, therefore, the extent of business preparedness for disasters. Empirical research was conducted in Adapazarı, Turkey, 13 years after the İzmit earthquake, which struck the northwest of the country on 17 August 1999, claiming the lives of some 17,000 people. For the study, 232 firms were selected to inquire about their preparedness before and after the event. It is hypothesised that business preparedness is influenced by the following set of variables: business size; business sector; business age; financial condition prior to the disaster; occupancy tenure; market range; education level; and previous disaster experience. In line with the findings of the research, a policy framework is constructed to rationalise the allocation of resources for building resilience at the aggregate level by facilitating business preparedness.     

The orientation of disaster donations: differences in the global response to five major earthquakes

This study analyses the influence of gift giving, geographical location, political regime, and trade openness on disaster donation decisions, using five severe earthquakes that occurred between 2008 and 2012 as case studies. The results show that global disaster donation is not dominated by only philanthropy or trade interests, and that the determinants of donation decisions vary with the scale of the natural disaster and the characteristics of the disaster‐affected countries. While gift giving exists in the case of middle‐size earthquakes, political regimes play a very important part in the overall donation process. Countries with higher perceived corruption may donate more frequently, but those that are more democratic may be more generous in their donations. Generosity based on geographical proximity to the calamity is significant in the decision‐making process for most natural disasters, yet it may have a negative effect on donations in Latin America and the Caribbean.     

三峡库区澎溪河底泥及消落区土壤磷的形态及吸附特性研究

沉积物是自然水域的重要生态组成部分,是形成湖泊、水库富营养化的关键因素之一.为研究三峡库区澎溪河流域沉积物中磷的赋存形态特征及迁移转化规律,采用连续提取法对澎溪河底泥3个断面及消落区3种土壤类型中磷赋存形态进行分析,并通过等温吸附实验研究了磷的吸附规律,确定了零净吸附磷浓度(EPC0).结果表明,澎溪河底泥中的总磷含量在0.80～1.45 g·kg-1之间,赋存形态以无机磷为主,其中钙结合磷和蓄闭态磷比例在80%以上,铁铝结合磷含量较低,该流域底泥受自然岩石状态及沉积环境的影响较大,而人为活动对其影响较小;消落区土壤总磷含量在0.65～1.16 g·kg-1之间,磷的赋存形态也以无机磷为主,冲积土和紫色土也以钙结合态磷和蓄闭态磷为主,水稻土中则以蓄闭态磷含量最高.澎溪河高阳、黄石和双江3个断面底泥的EPC0分别为0.08、0.13和0.11 mg·L-1,消落区冲积土、紫色土和水稻土的EPC0分别为0.08、0.09和0.04 mg·L-1.EPC0值与沉积物中总磷、pH、Ca-P、黏粒含量呈正相关性,其中与pH和Ca-P相关性显著.根据澎溪河上覆水中磷浓度的季节变化,初步判定底泥及消落区土壤在夏秋季节为磷的"汇",在冬春季节则成为其"源".EPC0高于水体富营养化临界值,底泥及消落区土壤中磷的释放依然是不可忽视的潜在问题.     

Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水修复的PRB填料实验研究

Fe0与Cr(Ⅵ)发生表层反应使Fe0-渗透反应墙(PRB)利用率极低且易板结、堵塞.针对Fe0利用率低,易板结、堵塞问题,研究了不同高分子材料包裹铁粉对受污染地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除影响;实验结果表明,海藻酸钠(SA)作为包裹材料效果最好.FEI电镜扫描及EDX能谱分析结果表明,SA跟2价金属阳离子Ca2+交联形成孔隙结构,不仅为零价铁的附着提供了大量的吸附点位,还可使Cr(Ⅵ)进入到内部与铁粉反应.考察了SA包裹零价铸铁粉(SAC)和包裹还原铁粉(SAR)对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除影响;实验结果表明,SAC除铬性能是SAR的2倍.SAC填料工艺参数优化后,符合一级反应动力学;采用SAC填料进行动态实验,反应完全后铬/铁比高达32.25 mg.g-1,且填料仍然保持较高的渗透系数(2.38 cm.s-1);对SAC填料进行成本分析发现,SAC填料具有明显的价格优势,相比零价铸铁粉混砂填料节约成本76.56%.采用SAC填料治理Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水是可行的.     

多功能救援属具应用效能综合评价

为了检验新型多功能救援属具在结构设计、制作工艺、功能组合等方面在实际复杂灾害救援场景下的应用实效,采用改进的AHP、熵权法和模糊综合评价方法从工作能力、工作效率、协作能力、维护能力等四个方面对2种新研发的多功能救援属具进行了应用效能综合评价的研究,构建了具有针对性及科学合理的评价指标体系,制定指标测试方法。结果表明:利用改进AHP、熵权法、模糊综合评价相结合的方法能够进一步减少人为主观因素的影响,提升评估结果的实用性和有效性;多功能救援属具提升了实际救援行动的工作能力和工作效率,应用效能评价结果同专家经验判断基本一致。     

Investing in climate change adaptation and mitigation: A methodological review of real-options studies

Uncertain future payoffs and irreversible costs characterize investment in climate change adaptation and mitigation. Under these conditions, it is relevant to analyze investment decisions in a real options framework, as this approach takes into account the economic value associated with investment time flexibility. In this paper, we provide an overview of the literature adopting a real option approach to analyze investment in climate change adaptation and mitigation, and examine how the uncertain impacts of climate change on the condition of the human environment, risk preferences, and strategic interactions among decisions-makers have been modeled. We found that the complex nature of uncertainties associated with climate change is typically only partially taken into account and that the analysis is usually limited to decisions taken by individual risk neutral profit maximizers. Our findings call for further research to fill the identified gaps.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01342-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

原子光谱法间接测定水中非金属和阴离子的现状与展望

本文按照反应类型综述了原子光谱法间接测定水中非金属和阴离子，特别对饮用水和人发中砷及水和废水中Cl^-1的分析方法进行了讨论，指出了间接法的发展方向。     

电磁辐射异常信息的分析与思考

对大丰市地震台地震电磁辐射观测仪１９９３－１１～１９９５－１０的观测记录资料进行了整理，对出现的异常信息和地震的对应关系进行了统计分析，提出了几点思考和认识，对从事地震电磁辐射的观测人员有一定的参考意义     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VARIATION OF LUNISOLAR TIDAL FORCE AND EARTHQUAKES IN TAI WAN

Ａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｉｓａｂｒｅａｋｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｎｅｒｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｓｔａｔｅｏｆｔｈｅｅａｒｔｈ ,ａｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｔｅｃｔｏｇｅｎｅ ｓｉｓａｎｄｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｒｅａｄｊｕｓｔｍｅｎｔｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｓｕｄｄｅｎｒｅｌｅａｓｅｏｆｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｅｄｓｔｒｅｓｓｉｎｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｉｏｒｏｆｔｈｅｅａｒｔｈ .Ｔｈｅｇｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅａｒｅａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄｂｙａｖａｒｉｅｔｙｏｆｆａｃｔｏｒｓ.Ａｓａｐｌａ…     

地震灾害下工业的行业分类研究

地震灾害对一国经济特别是工业发展会造成重大影响,及时获取灾害损失数据对救灾工作以及恢复重建都有着重要意义。目前我国对工业地震灾害经济损失评估仍缺乏针对工业企业震害损失评估方法,主要是因为工业的行业众多,不同行业资产受地震影响程度差异较大。本文以工业行业中不同资产受地震影响程度不同为切入点,将我国工业行业划分为八种类型,并经大量数据整理和统计得出每一大类行业下主要易损资产的资产结构,为后续灾损评估结果提供前期准备,行业划分对我国地震灾害工业直接经济损失方法的早日提出具有重要作用。