我国大陆润湿时间的温度分布规律

根据全国195个气象台站10年的4次日记温度湿度数据统计了各站高于25℃和低于25℃的年润湿时间．研究了我国大陆地区温度超过25℃的年润湿时间所占比例的分布规律。研究表明：在我国大陆地区，25℃以上的年润湿时间所占比例很少高于50％，该比例是东部高于西部，南部高于北部，沿海高于内地。     

基于FP-growth算法的高校群体性突发事件关联规则分析

为有效预防高校群体性突发事件,借助数据挖掘关联规则挖掘理论,在分析高校突发事件关键诱发因素基础上,构建基于FP-growth算法的高校群体性突发事件关联规则挖掘模型。并将模型应用于事务数据库数据的分析中,研究关键诱发因素间关联关系,实现强关联规则输出。研究结果表明,多数高校群体性突发事件的发生与日期没有必然联系;内部管理因素、内外部突发事件、内部突发事件、政治因素是诱发高校群体性突发事件的主要因素,且外部因素导致的群体性突发事件影响力远远超过内部因素的影响力;当突发事件发生后,应急处置的有效性是决定突发事件影响力的重要因素。     

欧盟汽车行驶记录仪的推广应用历程

欧盟是汽车行驶记录仪应用历史最久和安装车辆最多的地区。欧盟应用的成功经验掀起了周边国家及世界范围内各国争相引入汽车行驶记录仪实施道路交通安全监管的热潮。在广泛、深入调查欧盟汽车行驶记录仪应用情况的基础上,本文从基本概念、产品种类及技术发展、推广应用历程进行了简述,旨在加深人们对汽车行驶记录仪基本概念和应用理念的认识和理解,推动我国汽车行驶记录仪的进一步推广应用及管理体系的建立。     

基于Spark Streaming流回归的煤矿瓦斯浓度实时预测

为了实时分析瓦斯监测流数据并对瓦斯浓度进行准确预测以实现瓦斯灾害实时预警,以实时流数据处理框架Spark Streaming构建基于流回归的瓦斯浓度实时预测系统。系统采用分布式流处理技术,可使基于回归算法的瓦斯浓度预测模型更新周期达到秒级,提高了瓦斯浓度预测精度,满足流式大数据处理的实时性要求。实验表明:应用Spark Streaming流回归预测系统在采样周期为5 s的瓦斯监测数据流上进行实时预测时,预测平均均方根误差随模型更新周期的缩短而减小,模型更新周期可达15 s,且更新周期为45 s时预测总均方根误差最小,既能保证预测精度,又能提高瓦斯灾害预警时效。     

Experimental study on MSW gasification and melting technology

In order to develop municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification and melting technology, two preliminary experiments and a principle integrated experiment were fulfilled respectively. The gasification characteristics of MSW are studied at 500-750℃ when equivalence ratio (ER) was 0.2-0.5 using a fluidized-bed gasifier. When temperature was 550-700℃ and ER was 0.2-0.4, low heat value (LHV) of syngas reaches 4000-12000 kJ/Nm3. The melting characteristics of fly ash were investigated at 1100-1460℃ using a fixed-bed furnace. It was proved that over 99.9% of dioxins could be decomposed and most heavy-metals could be solidified when temperature was 1100-1300℃. The principle integrated experiment was carried out in a fluidized-bed gasification and swirl-melting system. MSW was gasified efficiently at 550-650℃, swirl-melting furnace maintains at 1200-1300℃ stably and over 95% of fly ash could be caught by the swirl-melting furnace. The results provided much practical experience and basic data to develop MSW gasification and melting technology.     

多元观测资料融合应用的灰霾天气关键成因研究

利用临安作为区域大气本底站的优势和杭州大气复合污染综合观测设施,再融合DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据及气象观测数据,从不同层面研究了灰霾天气形成的主导因素.通过浙江省灰霾日数空间分布与同时期Defense Meteorological Satellite System (DMSP)/Operational Linescan System (OLS)卫星遥感得到的夜间灯光分布对比以及1960-2009年间杭州和浙江省年平均灰疆日数演变过程,从空间和年代际变化两个角度论证了当前不科学的社会发展是造成灰霾天气日益严重的根本原因.通过杭州和临安本底站实际观测对比发现,对灰霾天气形成起主要作用的是细粒子,关键排放因子不是尘粒等气溶胶,而是黑碳、NO2、SO2等.脱硫减排可以使霾污染有所减缓,但由汽车尾气等排放的含氮前体物对霾污染的贡献却越显突出.气象条件是灰霾天气形成的外部控制因素.在各种天气形势中,由于高压控制下下沉气流明显、大气相对稳定,出现灰霾天气的概率最高,达64.5％.除天气形势、大气稳定度外,风速、气温、湿度、气压、降水、变温等地面气象因子及前1日PM10浓度对污染物浓度皆有一定影响,其中降水、湿度、风速与污染物浓度之间的相关性最显著,是灰霾天气形成的关键气象因子.     

Bacterial diversity in soils around a lead and zinc mine

Five samples of soil collected from a lead and zinc mine were used to assess the effect of combined contamination of heavy metals on soil bacterial communities using a polyphasic approach including characterization of isolates by culture method, community level catabolic profiling in BIOLOG GN microplates, and genetic community fingerprinting by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA fragments amplified by PCR from community DNA （PCR-DGGE）. The structure of the bacterial community was affected to a certain extent by heavy metals. The PCR-DGGE analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that there were significant differences in the structure of the microbial community among the soil samples, which were related to the contamination levels. The number of bacteria and the number of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） bands in the soils increased with increasing distance from the lead and zinc mine tailing, whereas the concentration of lead （Pb） and cadmium （Cd） was decreased. Heavily polluted soils could be characterized by a community that differs from those of lightly polluted soils in richness and structure of dominating bacterial populations. The clustering analysis of the DGGE profiles showed that the bacteria in all the five samples of soil belonged to three clusters. The data from the BIOLOG analysis also showed the same result. This study showed that heavy metal contamination decreased both the biomass and diversity of the bacterial community in soil.     

基于EOS/MODIS资料的太湖藻类动态模拟

建立了太湖藻类生长的动态模型,并将其与水动力模型和水质模型相耦合,利用2001年7～8月太湖的实测资料对模型进行了率定。借助该模型,对2004年8月太湖水体中TN、TP的变化以及藻类生长过程进行了模拟。利用中分辨率成像光谱仪EOS/MODIS的数据对太湖叶绿素a浓度进行遥感定量,将遥感监测数据和模型计算结果进行了比较。结果表明:该模型可进行风生湖流、TN、TP的模拟,以叶绿素a浓度描述的藻类浓度的模拟值能较好地拟合遥感监测值,且遥感监测图和模型模拟图所反映的全太湖叶绿素浓度分布基本一致。最后根据遥感和模拟对太湖全区的藻类分布作了具体的分析。     

Laboratory-scale study of the suppression of PCDD/F emission during coal and MSW co-incineration

The experimental test of co-incinerating Chinese raw municipal solid waste （MSW） and coal in a laboratory-scale tubular reactor was first reported in present study, and the emission of normal gas components and the effects of the S/Cl molar ratio or coal mixing percentages on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans （PCDDs/Fs） emission were investigated and discussed. The results indicated that OCDD was the only PCDD homologues since others like TCDD-HpCDD was hardly detected, while as the categories of PCDF homologues were comparatively much more general. The amount of PCDD was much larger than that of PCDF in all operating conditions. Since ZPCDF/∑PCDD〈〈1, the dominant role of the precursor formation was proven in our experimental conductions. With increasing the coal addition to MSW （from 0 to 16%）, PCDD and PCDF were reduced considerably. Coal and MSW may suppress the PCDD/F emissions efficiently （over 95%） during the MSW incineration process. The PCDD/F suppression results of the present study could be helpful guidance to the industrial application of Chinese MSW and auxiliary coal co-incineration processes. The PCDD/F stack emission data of two industrial incinerators using co-incineration technology in China seem to have a great positive reduction of PCDDs/Fs.     

太湖上空大气气溶胶光学厚度及其特征分析

基于高精度的太阳光度计(CE-318)得到太湖上空气溶胶长期观测数据,获得了太湖上空从2005年9月～2010年10月的气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)以及相应的ngstrm参数α.5 a的观测资料表明,太湖上空AOT的高值区出现在夏季的6～7月,低值区出现在秋冬季节的10月～次年1月;α的低值区和高值区分别出现在春季的3～4月和秋季的9～11月,AOT及对应的α的变化主要与该地区的天气形势有关.从频率分布来看,AOT(500 nm)只有一个峰值,最高频率值为0.4～0.6,约占总样本的26%,年均值为0.80.按照平均AOT(500 nm)计算,气溶胶造成的太阳直射辐射的透过率衰减至少为50%,致使太湖地区的大气较为混浊,形成严重的雾霾天气;ngstrm波长指数α有2个峰值,最高频率区间为1.1～1.3和1.3～1.5,分别占总样本的30%,年平均值为1.17.结果还表明AOT(500 nm)和α的日均值变化范围均较大,表明太湖上空有不同类型的气溶胶粒子共存;当α增大时,AOT(500 nm)的均值呈递减趋势.总体结果分析表明,太湖上空的AOT值随时间变化较大,属于城市-工业型气溶胶类型.