地震部门微博客应用探讨

通过政务微博客应用的实例分析,揭示其特征、效果及管理缺陷,然后探讨地震部门微博客面临的风险及风险防控,并提出应对方案,使其在地震灾害中更好地发挥传播效应,营造正面、积极的舆论氛围,更好地为防震减灾事业服务.     

Debriefing with teachers after the Marmara earthquake: an evaluation study1

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the debriefing meetings conducted after the 1999 earthquakes in Marmara, Turkey. The sample consisted of 265 teachers, 223 of whom attended the debriefing meetings. The personal satisfaction ratings of the teachers who attended the meetings revealed that they found the sessions satisfactory. The results of the comparison between those who reported that they benefited from the meetings and those who felt they did not indicated that the first group had lower scores on all of the psychopathology measures. A comparison between 42 teachers who did not attend the meetings and a randomly chosen group of 45 teachers who did attend revealed that the two groups differed significantly in terms of their post‐traumatic stress symptom scores. The findings of the study suggest that, in general, the teachers' debriefing sessions were satisfactory.     

地震损失经济学评估模型灾损参数的统计研究

地震应急管理有助于震后救灾工作的顺利进行。传统的灾损评估需要有关人员进入现场根据地震破坏情况进行评估,这会影响评估的时效性。通过对地震灾损参数进行统计学研究,利用现有的研究成果,以统计指数、数据包络分析为理论基础,将现有的基于不同房屋结构类型、不同破坏等级的震害矩阵进行降维,确定了灾损参数,并以青海玉树地震为例,运用灾损参数实现了灾损的快速评估。     

震害下电-气关联生命线网络韧性研究

随着各类生命线网络间关联日益紧密,对关联生命线网络进行韧性研究刻不容缓。以地震灾害为背景,构建了城市电-气关联生命线网络韧性评估框架,并基于电力潮流分析和天然气稳态仿真分析,建立了考虑电力网络和燃气网络功能特性的性能评价指标。同时,以关联的IEEE30节点网络和20节点燃气网络为案例,结合评估框架分析网络韧性在不同恢复预算和恢复资源下的变化规律,为资源优化配置提供依据,为建设“韧性城市”提供支撑。     

Beyond performance and protocols: early responders' experiences of multiple accountability demands in the response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake

Critics have long questioned the push for professionalised and performance‐driven accountability in the humanitarian sector, yet the matter is largely treated as a ‘back office’ issue of standards, guidelines, and processes. Scant attention is paid to the accountability demands experienced by early responders to disasters. Set in the contested climate of the emergency response to the earthquake in Nepal on 25 April 2015, and drawing on interviews with 15 early responders, this paper reveals three forms of accountability demands: (i) accountability as compliance; (ii) accountability as the object of government regulation; and (iii) accountability as public opposition and interrogation. Beyond the performance‐centric, non‐governmental organisation‐driven understanding of accountability, early responders to the earthquake experienced multidirectional accountability demands, not only from donors and beneficiaries, but also from the national government and wider public. Engaging with public criticism is a significant feature of early responders' responsibility that warrants further consideration by the humanitarian community.     

The continued operation of businesses after an earthquake: a case study from Lushan County,China

This study performed a comparative analysis of changes in the operating status of initial surviving disaster‐stricken businesses and non‐disaster‐stricken businesses in Lushan County, China, after a devastating earthquake on 20 April 2013. It used a logistic regression model to explore the key factors associated with ‘post‐disaster continued business operation’ in the long term. Field data were collected from 1,078 businesses and questionnaire data from 263 small businesses between 2013 and 2017. The results indicate that a higher proportion of initial surviving disaster‐stricken businesses than non‐disaster‐stricken businesses managed to remain operational in each observation period. The continued operation of disaster‐stricken businesses after the earthquake was positively associated with the owner's age, previous disaster experience, pre‐disaster financial conditions, closure duration, and borrowing money from family or friends. A negative association was found with the size of the business. The findings serve as a vital reference for strategies to promote post‐disaster continued business operation.     

曝气诱导内波破坏水库水温分层的过程与效果

针对传统的水库破坏分层技术的低效率、高能耗等普遍问题,研制了能模拟基于自然对流而形成水温分层的中试模型水库,研究了曝气诱导形成内波混合破坏水温分层的可行性,过程和效果.扬水曝气产生的周期性出流能作为扰动源,在分层水环境中诱导形成内波.内波频率及波幅与曝气量有关.在曝气量0.07~0.28m3/(m2·h),跃温层温度梯度0.29~0.48℃/m的中试条件下,内波破坏分层过程主要以减小表层和底层水温差别、驱使跃温层下潜、等温层变薄为特征,破坏分层的速度与曝气量正相关、与温度梯度负相关.内波通过垂向振荡和横向传播,促进不同温度的水层之间的热交换.相对传统的循环水流混合,在温度梯度约0.32℃/m和0.46℃/m的条件下,当曝气量从0.07m3/(m2·h)逐渐增加到0.28m3/(m2·h)时,内波混合可分别将破坏分层效率提高25.0%~40.0%和41.2%~60.0%.     

鲁甸6.5级地震地质灾害调查分析

2014年8月3日云南鲁甸发生6.5级地震,震级不大、灾情较重。震后排查和地震震前后对比显示,滑坡崩塌灾害是加剧灾情的关键因素之一;震后新增隐患沿河谷岸坡脊线、公路边坡开挖线、断裂带"三线耦合"部位集中分布的特征;中小型滑坡主要由地震动触发,大规模滑坡是由断裂活动和地震动联合触发。研究建议在西南山区的应急减灾能力建设中应综合考虑地震和地质灾害,分阶段规划。     

深溪沟电站大坝强震监测系统设计及应用

强震监测是大坝安全监测的重要内容之一,强震监测成果对大坝的安全性和稳定性分析有重要作用。本文根据水电站枢纽工程实际对深溪沟水库大坝强震监测系统设计开展研究,并对仪器的性能指标和数据采集处理分析软件进行了全面阐述。通过深溪沟水电站建设大坝强震监测系统的运行实践,大坝强震监测系统可以在地震发生后短时间内自动获取强震动加速度记录,储存地震波数据,并显示大坝坝体各测点的地震反应过程。强震监测结果进一步验证了设计烈度,为判定震后大坝安全性提供了支持。     

北京平原区夏垫断裂的多源遥感影像特征

1679年9月2日三河—平谷8.0级地震在地表形成总体走向N40°~45°E,倾角60°~70°,长达10 km的破裂带。该文采用Landsat-8、SPOT-5、SAR、GDEM、Google Earth多源遥感影像研究夏垫断裂的遥感影像特征。利用ERDAS软件,对Landsat-8影像按7∶4∶2依次为R、G、B分量作彩色合成增强处理,突出影像的线性构造特征;对Landsat-8和SPOT-5影像、Landsat-8和SAR影像分别进行融合处理,丰富影像的光谱信息;对GDEM与SPOT影像进行三维叠加,突出影像的三维特征;对SAR影像进行斑点压缩、方向滤波处理,突出影像平行断裂方向的线性特征。文中分析、对比了Google Earth和SPOT-5影像上地震陡坎的特征,陡坎在SPOT-5影像上表现较明显,但在影像上表现不出较低陡坎,同时,在两种影像上容易将绿色植被、狭窄道路或其它地物误认为陡坎;SAR滤波后的影像表现出暗色的线性条带;Landsat-8和SAR融合后的影像表现出较宽的异常条带,该条带指示断裂带所在位置。