内蒙古工业实现节能减排的对策研究

以资源、能源为依托的工业结构和粗放的增长方式是内蒙古工业的主要特点,也是实现节能减排目标的瓶颈。通过淘汰落后生产能力、加快接续产业发展、推动资源型产业发展高端和集成产品、促进节能减排技术的研发和应用、发展循环经济以及建立配套的政策、法规体系,力促内蒙古工业实现节能减排目标,走出一条资源节约与环境友好的新型发展道路。     

陇东黄土高原雷暴特征及统计预报模型

利用1961～2006年陇东黄土高原气象观测站的雷暴资料,运用数理统计、函数分解、图表分析方法,分析了雷暴的时空分布特征.(结果表明:陇东雷暴次数的年际变化总体上呈波动状态,60年代为雷暴多发期,70年代波动明显,大致存在4.5年的振荡周期,80年代为增长期,以5年为周期振荡,90年代开始至今以4年为周期振荡并呈现减少趋势.根据41年NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料,并考虑下垫面热力作用,用统计分析方法得到判别陇东黄土高原雷暴有无的预报函数,建立了雷暴短期短时预报的判别模型.检验表明:雷暴短期短时预报模型是可行的,2005～2006年试报,雷暴预报出现宰可达61.7%,在同一时效下模型的预报水平要高于预报员的主观预报.     

Nesting biodiversity conservation into landscape management

There is universal recognition that biological diversity (biodiversity) is being lost at an alarming rate. The costs and risks of these losses for humanity are still not fully understood, but are believed to be very significant. While much is being achieved through conservation programmes, the task of addressing the current crisis remains complex, particularly as there are significant biological, social and economic challenges to nesting conservation objectives into land-use management. This paper emphasizes the socio-economic challenges, wherein a central issue is that of equitably sharing the costs and benefits of conservation among all beneficiaries, nationally and internationally. The world's biological heritage supplies mankind with a number of ecological goods and services, which have attached direct use values, indirect use values, existence values and option values. Currently, only a few direct values are tangible and here much remains to be done to capture effectively and distribute equitably the benefits arising from the other values. The paper discusses three instances where some of these challenges are being addressed, in Belize, Pakistan and Mongolia. Finally, the paper discusses the need for additional mechanisms that will help meet the challenge of establishing and maintaining conservation arrangements in the landscapes of developing countries, where much of the most threatened biota is found.     

青藏高原东缘典型流域生态系统#br# 服务的地形梯度效应#br# ——以岷江上游为例

山地生态系统受地形因素影响在垂向上呈现出明显的空间分异特征,厘清山地生态系统服务的空间分异特征是区域土地利用和生态系统管理的基础。以青藏高原东缘典型流域岷江上游为研究区,将2000、2005、2010年土地利用数据及DEM数据作为数据源,运用地形位指数、相对变化率和敏感性系数,研究土地利用变化下的生态系统服务价值的地形梯度效应。结果表明：（1）岷江上游土地利用类型以林地和草地为主,约占总面积的60%和30%;2000～2010年,1~4级地形位上除未利用地外的其他土地利用类型分布指数变化较为明显,林地和耕地不断降低,草地、水域和建设用地不断升高。（2 ）研究期内岷江上游生态系统服务价值总量和各类型生态系统服务的价值随地形位的升高均呈倒V形变化;2000～2010年,研究区1~12级地形位上生态系统服务价值呈增加趋势,13~20级地形位上呈减小 趋势。（3）2000～2010年,各地形位上生态系统服务价值变化趋势与研究区一致;除1级地形位上生态系统服务价值变化幅度略高于研究区外,2~20级地形位上的变化幅度与研究区基本一致。（4）研究 区各土地利用类型的单位面积生态系统服务价值敏感性系数均小于1,单位面积生态系统服务价值的变化缺乏弹性,研究结果可信;2000～2010年各地形位上水域、草地和荒漠敏感性系数不断上升,林地 和耕地敏感性系数不断下降。通过对土地利用变化驱动下的生态系统服务价值的地形梯度效应进行定量测度,明晰了生态系统服务价值随地形梯度变化所呈现的空间分异规律及其变化特征,为保护区域 生态系统,合理利用土地资源提供理论依据。 关键词： 土地利用;生态系统服务;地形位指数;地形梯度;岷江上游;青藏高原东缘     

川东丘陵区青花椒种植对土壤肥力的影响

以川东丘陵区退耕青花椒林、弃耕地和农耕地为研究对象,对青花椒林分(2 a、5 a、9 a和14 a,分别以QHJ2、QHJ5、QHJ9和QHJ14表示)及对照农耕地(CK)和弃耕地(14 a,QGD)土壤物理性质、养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性进行研究,并利用隶属函数法对土壤肥力进行综合评价,探究青花椒不同种植年限对土壤肥力特征的影响,以指导青花椒种植和培肥改土。结果表明:青花椒林和弃耕地的土壤持水量、孔隙度、养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性均为高于CK,且随青花椒种植年限的增加而增加;相反,花椒林和弃耕地的土壤容重低于CK,且逐渐随青花椒种植年限的增加而降低。土壤肥力综合值呈QHJ14QHJ9QGDQHJ5QHJ2CK的变化规律,林地均显著高于农耕地,QGD与QHJ14差异显著而与QHJ9差异不显著;土壤肥力综合值与土壤物理性质、养分含量、酶活性和微生物数量呈显著相关(P0.05)。说明种植青花椒具有显著的培肥效应,对于提高川东丘陵区土壤肥力和促进农民增收致富具有重要作用,土壤肥力综合值能综合反应土壤肥力高低差异。     

基于GIS的气候变化对马铃薯生长的脆弱性评价

利用层次分析和专家打分法构建了气候变化对内蒙古马铃薯生产的脆弱性影响评价指标体系,运用脆弱性的定义及灾害风险的理论建立了马铃薯脆弱性综合指数评估模型,通过分析主产区的敏感性、适应性来评估脆弱性影响程度.结果表明:内蒙古马铃薯生产脆弱性分布呈中部高、东西部低的分布特点.以乌兰察布市中部、呼和浩特市南部、包头市南部及锡林郭...     

Wind energy technology development and diffusion: a case study of Inner Mongolia, China

This article reviews the spread of small household wind generators and the development of wind farms in Inner Mongolia, China with emphasis on policy and institutional perspectives. It analyzes the patterns of wind technology dissemination within social, economic, and environmental contexts. It also discusses international investment and technology transfer relating to wind energy technology. The economics of windfarm development are examined and the role of alternative policy instruments analyzed. Major constraints to wind technology development are identified and relevant policy recommendations suggested.     

基于IOCS的内蒙古潜在植被NPP空间分布特征研究

以综合顺序分类系统(IOCS)为基础,利用1985-2009年内蒙古及周边常规气象站的观测资料,采用NPP分类指数模型模拟内蒙古各潜在植被类型NPP,分析其空间分布特征及NPP与气候因子之间的关系。研究表明:①内蒙古地区植被NPP在空间分布上表现出一定的经向分布特征,多年均值介于0~366.5 gC·m^-2·a^-1之间,高值区中心分布在大兴安岭东北部;②各潜在植被类型中,碳汇潜力贡献率最大的潜在植被类型为微温微干温带典型草原类(ⅢC),其值为23.6%;最小的为寒温微干山地草原类(ⅡC),接近于0;③内蒙古潜在植被类型NPP表现出明显的干湿地带性和纬度地带性,且随寒温→微温→暖温、微干→微润→湿润→潮湿的变化其NPP值逐渐增大;但暖温极干暖温带荒漠类(ⅣA)和暖温干旱暖温带半荒漠类(ⅣB)并不符合这一规律,主要原因是较高的温度和较少的降水,达不到植被物质生长的需求。     

内蒙古天然草地资源精细化气候区划研究

根据内蒙古107个气象站资料,利用梯度距离平方反比法,推算出内蒙古自治区气候数据的千米网格数据图形。根据内蒙古实际草原类型和畜种结构的分布规律,确定了内蒙古5类草原类型、6个产草量等级和5类主要放牧家畜地理分布的气候区划指标。利用气候区划指标,对栅格点气候数据进行分级,绘制了内蒙古自治区天然草原草地类型、产草量和主要放牧家畜地理分布的区划图,并分区进行评述。研究结果可为内蒙古畜牧业生产区域合理布局提供科学依据。     

Disposal of Coal Fly Ash at A Deep Water Site in the Eastern Mediterranean Off Israel - Six Years of Monitoring

Coal fly ash (CFA) is dumped at a deep sea disposal site (1,500m water depth) in the eastern Mediterranean, ca. 70km off the Israeli shore. Since 1989, about one million tons of CFA were dumped at the 200km² allocated area. Six years of monitoring at the dump-site shows that the CFA is heterogeneously distributed; there are areas where CFA covers about 1.3cm depth of the sea floor while at others no CFA is found. CFA is present as a fine powder, small aggregates and even as large blocks both in the dump-site as well as at its peripheries. Cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in the CFA decreased as a result of the prolonged contact with sea water at in situ conditions while inconclusive changes in mercury, iron and manganese were detected. No changes were observed for lead, iron and aluminium concentrations. A controlled long term field experiment, now in progress at the site, is expected to clarify further chemical changes occurring in the CFA.