农牧交错带农业旱灾适应模式与区域可持续发展——以内蒙古兴和县为例

农业旱灾是全球关注的焦点问题之一,同时也是影响我国农业生产最严重的自然灾害之一。中国北方农牧交错带由于处在季风的尾闾区,降水极不稳定,旱灾频繁发生。以内蒙古兴和县为例,在实地考察、统计数据分析和农民访谈等基础上,从调整种植结构、增加非农经营收入、农牧交错的生产方式、生态建设以及设施农业五个方面,对农牧交错带的农业旱灾适应措施进行了深入剖析。研究表明,农牧交错带农业旱灾适应模式包括:"因地制宜"的空间适应模式、"减轻风险"的时间适应模式和"风险共担"的社会适应模式三个方面,研究成果可为区域防范旱灾风险、制定防灾减灾对策、实现区域可持续发展提供借鉴。     

亚热带东部壳斗科6种常绿植物叶的生态解剖

选取亚热带东部替代分布明显的壳斗科6种常绿树种（青冈，小叶青冈，细叶青冈，苦槠，甜槠和石乐）的11个种群叶片进行生态解剖，并用SPSS，DCA和TWINSPAN比较分析，结果表明：（1）尽管6种11个种群叶的结构仍属中生叶型，但有着不同程度的趋旱适应；（2）叶的解剖性状在属间，种间和种群间均存在着不同程度的差异，这是它们适应各自生境的结果，青冈和石栎的种内差异较大，反映出它们对环境变化有较强响应能力；（3）叶片的不同解剖性状在属，种类和种群间的变化并不同步，其中叶片和栅栏组织厚度等性状差异突出，反映它们更易受环境的饰变，是生态适应性状，而海,上角质膜，特别是下表皮厚度等性状差异较小，显示出这些性状的稳定性，可以认为是系统演化性状；（4）苦槠，青冈具有较厚的叶片，栅栏组织，角质膜和发达输导和机械组织，苦槠还具有复表皮，表现出对旱化生境的适应；甜槠尽管具有复表皮和较厚的叶片，但这是海绵组织增厚的结果，是对中生生境的适应；小叶青冈和细叶青冈具有较垢叶片和栅栏组织，角质膜厚度居中等特点，可能是对中山凉湿生境的。图版1图2表2参24     

利用数字地震波资料研究新疆天山中东段地区的介质衰减特征

利用新疆数字地震台网记录的155条地震波形资料,根据S波记录得到观测振幅谱,采用遗传算法联合反演的方法研究了新疆天山中东段地区(乌鲁木齐—乌苏—库尔勒地区)的几何衰减模型、介质非弹性衰减模型。结果表明:在500 km震源距范围内,研究区地震波的几何衰减满足三段衰减模型;研究区非弹性衰减Q值随频率f的关系为:Q(f)=344f~(0.55)。本研究为今后在该研究区利用数字地震观测资料开展震源谱的恢复和强地面运动的模拟等地震学、工程地震学研究奠定了基础。     

基于生态系统“受损-恢复力-修复潜力”评价的内蒙古生态空间分区及保护修复策略

为筑牢安全韧性生态空间,提升生态系统质量和稳定性,增强生态空间自我恢复能力,以内蒙古自治区为例,研究适宜大尺度空间的生态修复分区方法,针对区域典型生态系统问题,构建生态系统“受损-恢复力-可修复潜力”评价技术体系,通过生态系统现状及受损评价,摸清生态系统问题及退化区域;根据生态系统特征及支撑能力,开展生态系统恢复力评价和可修复潜力评价;耦合多级评价结果,识别修复特征相同的区域,综合划定生态空间修复分区。结果显示：研究区内可修复潜力高的区域主要分布在大兴安岭、阴山、贺兰山等区域,潜力中等区主要包括呼伦贝尔草甸草原、锡林郭勒典型草原、阴山北部荒漠草原、阿拉善荒漠等区域,潜力低区域主要包括西辽河流域、黄河流域、局部草原、荒漠沙地区域等。结合区域特征,综合划定9个生态空间修复分区,从促进生态系统结构、质量、功能保护与修复的角度出发,因地制宜提出保护保育、自然恢复、辅助修复和生态重塑等生态修复策略,保障区域生态系统实现良性循环和自我调节。从生态系统受损、生态系统恢复力及可修复潜力3个层面建立生态评价技术体系,划定生态空间修复分区,提出适宜大尺度生态空间治理的方法与实施路径。

     

我国东部沿海地区蔬菜中重金属累积分布特征及居民膳食暴露评估

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析了我国东部北方和南方沿海地区市售叶类、根茎类、瓜果类、豆类及食用菌5类蔬菜样品中6种有害金属元素(Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Hg和Pb)及5种人体必需金属元素(Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn和Se)的累积水平,并研究了其在不同蔬菜样品中的分布特征.结果表明,所有蔬菜样品中的6种有害金属水平均远低于国家食品安全标准规定的最高限量,居民食用这些蔬菜不存在明显的非致癌风险,但因食用蔬菜导致的无机砷暴露有10^-5水平的潜在致癌风险.蔬菜对有害金属和必需金属的累积呈现出明显的同步趋势(P <0.01).相比其他蔬菜,食用菌表现出对有害金属及必需金属更高的累积水平,提醒人们需加强对食用菌中重金属污染的监测工作.     

Disposal of Coal Fly Ash at A Deep Water Site in the Eastern Mediterranean Off Israel - Six Years of Monitoring

Coal fly ash (CFA) is dumped at a deep sea disposal site (1,500m water depth) in the eastern Mediterranean, ca. 70km off the Israeli shore. Since 1989, about one million tons of CFA were dumped at the 200km² allocated area. Six years of monitoring at the dump-site shows that the CFA is heterogeneously distributed; there are areas where CFA covers about 1.3cm depth of the sea floor while at others no CFA is found. CFA is present as a fine powder, small aggregates and even as large blocks both in the dump-site as well as at its peripheries. Cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in the CFA decreased as a result of the prolonged contact with sea water at in situ conditions while inconclusive changes in mercury, iron and manganese were detected. No changes were observed for lead, iron and aluminium concentrations. A controlled long term field experiment, now in progress at the site, is expected to clarify further chemical changes occurring in the CFA.     

Characterizing species co-occurrence patterns of imperfectly detected stream fishes to inform species reintroduction efforts

Species reintroduction efforts can improve the recovery of imperiled species, but successful implementation of this conservation strategy requires a thorough understanding of the abiotic and biotic factors influencing species viability. Species interactions are especially understudied, in particular by omitting the effect of imperfect detection on negative, neutral, or positive associations within a community. Using repeat surveys from 5 southern Ontario, Canada, Great Lakes tributaries, we quantified species co-occurrence patterns with the eastern sand darter (ESD) (Ammocrypta pellucida), listed as federally threatened, and characterized how imperfect detection during sampling can influence inference regarding these relationships. We used a probabilistic framework that included 3 approaches of increasing complexity: probabilistic co-occurrence analysis ignoring imperfect detection; single-species occupancy models with subsequent co-occurrence analysis; and 2-species occupancy models. We then used our occupancy models to predict suitable sites for potential future reintroduction efforts while considering the influence of negative species interactions. Based on the observed data, ESD showed several positive associations with co-occurring species; however, species associations differed when imperfect detection was considered. Specifically, a negative association between ESD and rosyface shiner (Notropis rubellus) was observed only after accounting for imperfect detection in the Grand River. Alternatively, positive associations in the Grand River between ESD and northern hogsucker (Hypentelium nigricans) and silver shiner (Notropis photogenis) were observed regardless of whether imperfect detection was accounted for. Our models predicted several potential reintroduction sites for ESD in formerly occupied watersheds with high levels of certainty. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of investigating imperfect detection and species co-occurrence when planning reintroduction efforts.     

基于MODIS影像内蒙古草地火排放污染物动态研究

运用自主设计生物质燃烧系统,测定草本燃烧排放因子,基于MODIS火点数据,运用排放因子法对内蒙古区域2000~2017年草本燃烧排放污染物时空格局进行分析.结果表明,狼尾草、芦苇、拂子茅和狗尾草CO₂、CO、NO_x、C_xH_y、PM_2.5、TC、OC和EC排放因子范围为1402.6~1550.1,140.3~253.8,0.67~1.55,21.5~93.7,3.74~6.89,1.66~3.06,1.42~2.71和0.23~0.44g/kg;区域生物质密度时空分布不均匀,地上生物质密度总体呈东北向西南递减趋势.草地总燃烧生物量为8061.46kt,排放各污染物CO₂、CO、NO_x、C_xH_y、PM_2.5、TC、OC和EC总量分别为：11296.13,1609.79,10.80,408.96,44.50,20.06,17.23,2.83kt;共发生49374次草地火,火面积和火点密度从东北向西南逐渐递减,月变化呈双峰分布,主峰火点（3月）显著高于次峰（9月）.     

内蒙古自治区密封放射源现状、存在问题及对策

本文论述了为深入贯彻《中华人民共和国放射性污染防治法》，由国家环保总局、公安部、卫生部在全国开展的“清查放射源，让百姓放心”专项行动。内蒙古自治区按照专项行动的要求，完成了对全区放射源数量、种类、行业分布、放射源分类及废放射源收贮情况的汇总工作。并对目前放射源安全管理存在的问题，提出了对策和建议。     

内蒙古黄土丘陵地区生态农业试点建设途径初探

分析了内蒙古自治区和林格尔县羊群沟村生态环境特点及农业持续发展制约因素及潜力，总结了在黄土丘陵地区进行生态农业建设的措施和途径，对羊群沟村进行生态农业建设３年来所取得的综合效益进行了分析。