环境污染损害赔偿诉讼中的举证责任转移制度

环境污染损害赔偿案作为特定的民事侵权诉讼案,适用举证责任转移制度,它得到了法律的规定和司法实践的支持。文章深入阐述了举证责任转移制度的定义和内涵,以及在世界各国立法推行的情况。同时,根据我国国情,探讨了将举证责任转移制度纳入立法的必要性和可能性,以及当前在我国立法上存在的缺陷。     

汽车尾气对动物的生物学效应研究

采用动物气管内注入粒物与吸入不同稀释度的汽车尾气等染毒方法，研究其生物效应。结果显示，动物受试后，大鼠肺灌洗液乳酸脱氢酶活性增加，酸性磷酸酶，碱性磷酸酶性和白蛋白含量明显升高，肺巨噬细胞减少，而大鼠血液中ＣＯＨｂ显著增加，小鼠骨髓细胞微核率在中浓度组亦显著增加，３者增呈现良好的测量一反应关系。试验说明，汽车尾气气体部分和颗粒物的毒性作用高于柴油车。     

黄土丘陵“梯田退耕”生态重建及地域分异特征

基于黄土丘陵区过去10年科技攻关成果及延安燕沟流域示范成功经验,在总结“梯田退耕”生态重建模式特点的基础上,根据土地利用、坡耕地和1999年农业人口数据计算了各县(市、区)需新修梯田、园地扩建、林草植被恢复的面积及投资需求额度。通过构建并采用基本农田扩建指数、园地扩建指数、林草植被恢复指数以及投资需求密度等指标对55个县(市、区)进行了类型划分和地域分异特征分析。结果表明:黄土丘陵区需新修梯田面积69.16×104hm2,新扩建经济林果园地面积79.2×104hm2,林草植被恢复面积541.02×104hm2,投资需求总额度158.2×108元;生态重建在地域分布上明显存在两个重点区,一个位于陕北和晋西北交界地区,另一个位于陇东和宁南地区;宜及早制定区域性分类指导政策,并应将有限的资金集中在重点区。     

硒化kappa-卡拉胶对烟民生理损伤的修复作用

本实验选择19例年龄在39—59之间,烟史为15—30a,每日吸烟量为6—20支的男性为对象,连续服用硒化kappa-卡拉胶(100ug硒/d)三个月后,对几项指标的测定结果表明:微核、双链DNA及血硒水平均有明显差异,服硒前,19例烟民中微核淋巴细胞出现率为73.7％,淋巴细胞微核出现率为1.26±1.04‰,服硒后,微核淋巴细胞出现率为42.1％,淋巴细胞微核出现率为0.52±0.70‰,P<0.01;服硒前,双链DNA的含量为7.76±2.59％,服硒后增至10.5±2.19％,P<0.01;血硒水平变化更为明显,由服硒前的76.4±15.1ppb增至服硒后的148.3±44.1ppb,P<0.01.全部病例无任何毒、副反应。实验结果初步表明:硒化kappa-卡拉胶对烟民的生理损伤具有一定的修复作用。     

Environmental Se–Mo–B Deficiency and its Possible Effects in Jiantou Keshan Disease Area in Shaanxi Province, China

Keshan disease (KD) occurs in a wide geographic belt stretching from the Heilongjiang Province in northeastern China to Yunnan Province in southwestern China, including Huangling County, Shaanxi Province. In order to research relationships between eco-environmental geochemistry and KD pertaining to Se, Mo, B, Zn, Mn, and Cu, this investigation was conducted in the Jiantou KD area in Huangling County, one of the areas in China where the incidence of KD is highest. Environmental samples (rock, soil, plant and childrens hair) were collected from the area. Se in plants is low, ranging from 0.03 to 0.06 µg Se g^–1 in corn, potato and soybean. Se contents in childrens hair are normal or reach the limitation of dangerous level. This study reports 0.18 µg Se g^–1, B <40 µg g^–1, and Mo <1.0 µg g^–1 in aeolian soil, 0.14–0.38 µg Mo g^–1 and 3–8 µg B g^–1 in corn and potato (daily staple food for local human beings in the area). The Jiantou KD area is one where the elements Se, Mo and B are deficient. It is proposed that the deficiency of elements Se, Mo and B may be involved in the pathogenicity of KD with respect to the eco-environmental system because Se, Mo and B are essential micronutrients for plants and human beings. It seems that there is no significant relationship between the Zn–Mn–K–Pb–Ba associations and KD.     

试论酸雨问题及控制对策

本文论述了酸雨的形成、分布特点、变化规律、危害及控制措施等问题．     

Spatial,temporal, and environmental limits on xanthotoxin induction in wild parsnip foliage

Summary Although present constitutively in large amounts, furanocoumarins in leaves of wild parsnip,Pastinaca sativa, are inducible to even higher concentrations by mechanical and insect damage. We conducted several experiments in order to characterize the nature and extent of xanthotoxin inducibility inP. sativa foliage. In order to determine the extent to which induction is localized, we mechanically damaged a single leaflet of a compound leaf on seven plants. Xanthotoxin concentrations increased significantly only in the damaged leaflet and in the half of the terminal leaflet closest to the damaged leaflet; thus, xanthotoxin induction is localized to the immediate vicinity of damage. To determine whether xanthotoxin induction results fromin situ biosynthesis or translocation from other plant parts, we detached individual leaflets from ten plants, damaged half of these detached leaflets, and compared xanthotoxin concentrations after 6 h in damaged and intact leaflets. We found that xanthotoxin concentrations increased 41% in damaged leaflets compared to detached leaflets that were not damaged. We also determined the rapidity and duration of the induction response. In leaflets that were damaged and then harvested after 0, 3, 24, 72, 120 and 168 h, xanthotoxin concentrations increased rapidly compared to undamaged leaflets on the opposite side of the leaf, reaching maximum levels within 24 h. This response was of comparatively short duration; concentrations declined to preinduction levels after seven days. To determine whether availability of resources influences the induced response, we performed two experiments, one in which soil nutrients were manipulated and one in which light level was manipulated. The low nutrient treatment was sufficiently extreme to cause cessation of aboveground growth, and the low light treatment caused etiolation. Extremes of resource limitation notwithstanding, leaflets significantly increased xanthotoxin production (2 to 3-fold increase under nutrient limitation and 3-fold increase under light limitation) in response to damage in both experiments.     

Induced alkaloid defence inAtropa acuminata in response to mechanical and herbivore leaf damage

Summary Measurement of tropane alkaloid content in leaves ofAtropa acuminata after mechanical damage showed a maximum increase to 153% of the control 8 days later. There were no changes in the root or stem after similar damage. The plant responded to repeated mechanical damage by doubling its alkaloid content at 11 days after the initial wounding. But on further treatments, there was a slight decrease in alkaloid content with time. Mollusc feeding produced an increase of 164% in alkaloid content after 4 days. These results indicate that induced defence systems in angiosperms can vary considerably from plant species to plant species and that the effects of mechanical damage may differ in different parts of the same plant.     

六价铬化合物的肝脏毒性及其作用机制研究进展

六价铬化合物普遍存在于环境中,并被广泛应用于多种工业生产中,由此引发的铬污染及健康问题已经引起了人们的重视。作为体内代谢及解毒的重要场所,肝脏是Cr(Ⅵ)毒性作用的靶器官之一。本文对Cr(Ⅵ)化合物在环境中的污染来源与污染状况、机体内吸收、分布与代谢及对肝脏的毒性损害及其作用机制的研究现状加以综述。     

Bush Tucker, Bush Pets, and Bush Threats: Cooperative Management of Feral Animals in Australia's Kakadu National Park

Abstract:  Although feral animal management is often based on the proposition that introduced species threaten ecological and conservation values, that view is not necessarily shared by all stakeholders, including those indigenous people who own and co-manage Kakadu National Park with Australia's federal government. Drawing on field-based interviews with the Jawoyn people, we found that these indigenous people categorize water buffalo (  Bubalus bubalis ) as an important food source (tucker), view horses (  Equus caballus ) as bush pets, and consider pigs (  Sus scrofa ) a threat to their lands. As a result, Jawoyn people want more water buffalo in the park, have high tolerance of environmental damage caused by horses, and are open to the idea that pig population densities should be reduced. Jawoyn also advocate an adaptive and participatory approach to feral animal control so that the consequences of any management actions can be properly understood before irrevocable change occurs. These findings highlight one example of how indigenous people's ecological knowledge has adapted in response to changing landscapes and community aspirations. Co-management strategies that aim to incorporate the dynamics of indigenous people's views need to start with issues on which there is agreement between different groups and take a cautious approach to joint exploration of more contentious issues. That approach should include ongoing and on-site monitoring so that the consequences of management actions can be properly understood and comprehensively negotiated by all parties.