生态环境损害赔偿制度改革实施研究--以山东省为例

企业污染,环境利益受损,政府买单在很长一段时间内成为生态环境损害的解决路径,从2018年起,全国开始试行生态环境损害赔偿制度,实现损害担责是生态环境问题的解决之道。山东作为全国生态环境损害赔偿制度改革的7个试点省市之一,开展了生态环境损害赔偿制度的积极实践探索。山东省对"10.21济南章丘重大非法倾倒危险废物事故"生态损害赔偿案件的处理对于我国生态环境损害制度的发展提供了重要的实践创新经验。本文以山东省的改革实践作为研究视角,面对我国生态环境损害赔偿制度现存问题,结合山东的试点实际分析了实施成效,从赔偿磋商、鉴定评估、资金管理三个方面对生态环境损害赔偿制度提出完善建议。     

Study on the damage statistical strength criterion of backfill with crack under thermo-mechanical coupling

ABSTRACT

Aiming at backfill with crack under the thermo-mechanical (TM) coupling, the concepts of crack macro-damage, loading meso-damage, thermal meso-damage, and total damage of backfill were proposed. Based on the statistical damage theory, considering the coupling effects of temperature, load and initial crack, a damage evolution model of backfill with crack under TM coupling effects was established. Based on this, the strength criterion of backfill with crack considering the effects of thermal and mechanical coupling was constructed by multivariate function full differential method. The research shows that: (1) The theoretical curves of damage evolution model and strength criterion of backfill with crack under TM coupling are in good agreement with the test curves, which verifies the rationality of the model. (2) The initial thermal damage decreases first and then increases with increasing temperature, reaches a minimum value at 40°C, and generally shows a “V” -shaped distribution law. The coupling effect of temperature and crack aggravates the total damage of the backfill. (3) The strength criterion can reflect the relationship between the stress and strain of each limit state and the parameters of backfill with crack under different temperature conditions and can provide a certain reference for the evaluation of the stability of backfill with geological defects such as joints and crack in deep high temperature mines.     

石墨烯对高等植物幼苗的毒性及机理探究

随着石墨烯产品的广泛应用和潜在的环境释放,其对生态环境的影响已引起广泛关注。为探讨石墨烯对高等植物生长的影响,探究了其对黄瓜幼苗和玉米幼苗生长的影响及其致毒机理。结果表明,水培条件下,不同浓度的石墨烯(10、50、100、500、1 000和2 000 mg·L~(-1))处理植物幼苗15 d后,对植物幼苗的生长具有抑制作用。且随着处理时间和石墨烯浓度的增加,植物幼苗生长的所有指标,包括根/地上部鲜重和干重、根长、根尖数、株高和叶面积均相应降低。另外,黄瓜幼苗比玉米幼苗对石墨烯更加的敏感。进一步研究发现,石墨烯与黄瓜幼苗根部直接接触导致的物理损伤、氧化损伤,以及营养耗竭是其致毒机理。而石墨烯对玉米幼苗的致毒机理包括物理损伤和营养耗竭。本研究为石墨烯的环境风险评价提供了基础数据。     

除冰盐环境下混凝土冻融损伤深度的试验研究

文章对除冰盐环境下混凝土的冻融损伤进行了试验研究,通过对比混凝土外观变化规律、超声设备检测结果以及混凝土触水面渗透情况来获得不同冻融循环次数下混凝土的损伤深度情况。研究结果表明,当经历20次冻融循环后,混凝土冻融损伤开始向混凝土内部扩展。当经历30次冻融循环后,混凝土冻融损伤深度向下快速发展。当经历70次冻融循环后,混凝土冻融损伤向下发展变慢。这是由于前期冻融循环造成混凝土试件顶部产生大量微裂缝足以排出由于结冰产生的开裂应力,从而减弱冻融损伤向下发展的趋势。而在实际混凝土桥梁表面由于磨损存在,冻融损伤会不断向内扩展,值得桥梁管理人员注意。另外,在90次冻融循环后,最大渗透深度达到25mm,即细观裂缝已经接近普通钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋的位置,容易引发钢筋锈蚀问题。本试验研究结果可以为北方寒冷地区混凝土桥梁的抗锈蚀设计提供依据。     

基于小波包分析的石油井架结构损伤识别试验研究

通过对井架相似模型损伤工况模拟,提取其在承载时的振动响应信号,利用小波包变换方法获得小波包节点能量,得到基于归一化能量特征向量的损伤评价指标。研究表明:该指标可用于井架结构损伤位置的准确识别;将小波包能量分析与振动测试技术相结合的研究方法,为石油井架的损伤识别提供了新思路。     

Smallholder Farms as Stepping Stone Corridors for Crop-Raiding Elephant in Northern Tanzania: Integration of Bayesian Expert System and Network Simulator

Crop-raiding elephants affect local livelihoods, undermining conservation efforts. Yet, crop-raiding patterns are poorly understood, making prediction and protection difficult. We hypothesized that raiding elephants use corridors between daytime refuges and farmland. Elephant counts, crop-raiding records, household surveys, Bayesian expert system, and least-cost path simulation were used to predict four alternative categories of daily corridors: (1) footpaths, (2) dry river beds, (3) stepping stones along scattered small farms, and (4) trajectories of shortest distance to refuges. The corridor alignments were compared in terms of their minimum cumulative resistance to elephant movement and related to crop-raiding zones quantified by a kernel density function. The “stepping stone” corridors predicted the crop-raiding patterns. Elephant presence was confirmed along these corridors, demonstrating that small farms located between refuges and contiguous farmland increase habitat connectivity for elephant. Our analysis successfully predicted elephant occurrence in farmland where daytime counts failed to detect nocturnal presence. These results have conservation management implications.     

Optimal descriptor as a translator of eclectic information into the prediction of membrane damage by means of various TiO2 nanoparticles

The increasing use of nanomaterials incorporated into consumer products leads to the need for developing approaches to establish “quantitative structure–activity relationships” (QSARs) for various nanomaterials. However, the molecular structure as rule is not available for nanomaterials at least in its classic meaning. An possible alternative of classic QSAR (based on the molecular structure) is the using of data on physicochemical features of TiO₂ nanoparticles. The damage to cellular membranes (units L⁻¹) by means of various TiO₂ nanoparticles is examined as the endpoint.     

Genotoxic effects of Bismuth (III) oxide nanoparticles by Allium and Comet assay

Genotoxic effects of Bismuth (III) oxide nanoparticles (BONPs) were investigated on the root cells of Allium cepa by Allium and Comet assay. A. cepa roots were treated with the aqueous dispersions of BONPs at five different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) for 4 h. Exposure of BONPs significantly increased mitotic index (MI) except 12.5 ppm, total chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in Allium test. While stickiness chromosome laggards, disturbed anaphase–telophase and anaphase bridges were observed in anaphase–telophase cells, pro-metaphase and c-metaphase in other cells. A significant increase in DNA damage was also observed at all concentrations of BONPs except 12.5 ppm by Comet assay. The results were also analyzed statistically by using SPSS for Windows; Duncan’s multiple range test was performed. These results indicate that BONPs exhibit genotoxic activity in A. cepa root meristematic cells.     

爆破对璐简王陵古建筑群的震害影响

璐简王陵及其古建筑群已有400余年的历史,虽然数次毁于兵燹,但至今仍然保存有大量完整的建筑物,然而,方面军些陵墓及建筑物近期却出现了数十处开裂、崩塌和倾斜等破坏,经过认真的野外勘察、分析和研究,认为破坏不是地震缝和断层活动所致,而是与凤凰山、峙山采石场持续不断的近距离爆破震动有关,经鉴定,大爆破造成的破坏烈度可达Ⅳ-Ⅴ度,每次大爆破都相当于一次地震,采石爆破给璐简王陵和古建筑带来了致命的影响和破坏。     

Contaminants-Induced Oxidative Damage on the Carp Cyprinus carpio Collected from the Upper Yellow River, China

The Yellow River, the second largest river in China, is the most important resource of water supply in North China. In the last 40 years, even in the upper Yellow River, with the development of industry and agriculture, more and more contaminants have been discharged into this river and greatly polluted the water. Although a routine chemical component analysis has been performed, little is known about the real toxic effects of the polluted water on organisms at environmental level. To explore whether the pollutants induced oxidative stress and damage to aquatic organisms, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in hepatopancreas, kidney and intestine of the field-collected carp Cyprinus carpio from a mixed polluted (Lanzhou Region, LZR) and a relatively unpolluted (Liujiaxia Region, LJXR) sites of the upper Yellow River were measured. The results showed that when the values of LZR compared with those of LJXR, SOD and GST activities increased and GPx activity decreased significantly in all the three organs (P < 0.05–0.01); CAT activity decreased but MDA level increased significantly (P < 0.05–0.01) only in kidney and intestine. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the pollutants can induce obvious oxidative damage in the carp, and the SOD, GST and GPx might be better indicators for the oxidative damage in aquatic organisms.