美国矿山应急救援体系特点及启示

通过对美国矿山应急救援体系现状的研究,认为美国矿山救援体系具有法律法规健全完善、管理体制运行高效、救援队伍构成精干多样、技术装备先进实用、人员培训落实严格和物资储备区分精细等特点,从9个方面对比分析了中美矿山应急救援体系差异,提出了加强我国矿山应急救援体系建设的建议。     

液碳生产企业安全监控与自控系统开发

液态二氧化碳生产企业快速发展,规模逐年增大,安全监控与自动化水平不高导致事故风险日益升高。通过对液碳企业危险和风险分析,利用数据采集、实时数据库、参数监控、视频监控、预警报警、通讯和网络等技术,构建安全监控与自控系统,完成对液碳生产流程、有毒、有害、易燃易爆物品以及关键设备设施的动态监测、安全管理、智能分析、联锁控制、报警、应急辅助决策和统计查询等功能。安全监控与自控系统建设和实施可实现液碳生产企业安全、稳定、长周期、经济运行。     

Invisible institutions in emergencies: Evacuating the remote Indigenous community of Warruwi,Northern Territory Australia,from Cyclone Monica

Tropical Cyclone Monica is one of the most intense Australian cyclones in recorded history, and threatened several Indigenous communities in April 2006. It prompted the evacuation of the remote island community of Warruwi, and caused considerable damage to the mainland township of Maningrida. The evacuation of Warruwi went smoothly as emergency services personnel, the community and the airline cooperated to airlift some 350 people to designated safe areas on the mainland. We show that local institutions culturally embedded in Indigenous ways of understanding and responding to the world were important in providing essential but ‘unofficial’ services during the emergency. Recognizing and respecting the resilience of the local process involved in everyday Indigenous life is revealed as central to ensuring local cooperation and effective involvement of state and national institutions in delivering effective measures during emergencies. Ensuring that local, state and national authorities offer recognition and understanding of these Indigenous institutions, and develop strong relationships with them, should be a priority in developing approaches that limit conflict and trauma where emergency services risk overriding local protocol.     

How near is near? The distance perceptions of residents of a nuclear emergency planning zone

This paper reports the results of a study conducted within the emergency planning zone (EPZ) of the Nine Mile Point (NMP) nuclear complex located in Oswego County, New York. An EPZ is the area in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant for which detailed plans are implemented for the management of emergencies and for the communication of the risks of nuclear energy production. EPZs are subdivided into emergency response planning areas (ERPAs) according to distance from the plant. This study aimed at discovering how residents of the NMP EPZ perceived distance to the nuclear plant. Distance was conceptualized in five different and complementary ways: estimated straight line distance, estimated driving distance, actual straight distance, actual driving distance and perceived distance. The results indicate that people living at a very short distance from the nuclear plant perceive and estimate distance differently than people living farther away. These results have policy implications and suggest alternative and potentially more efficient ways to redesign ERPAs. Fundamental geographic variables and concepts such as distance, location, proximity and their associated human perceptions are important human dimensions of risk analysis. These results should be of interest to nuclear emergency planners and are probably applicable to many other hazard planning activities.     

办公楼疏散演练综合评估方法研究

我国每年进行数以万计的办公楼疏散演练,迫切需要科学有效的评估方法,以评估应急演练所体现出的应急准备能力,提高管理方和员工的疏散安全意识和能力。从疏散人员行为表现、组织实施疏散的指挥体系、疏散程序及相关保障条件等多方面综合考虑,将应急疏散组织体制机制分析、参演人员疏散行为观测及对其主观感受调查、计算机模拟分析三者有机结合,提出了一种办公楼疏散演练综合评估方法。运用该方法对一栋高层办公楼的疏散演练的策划、组织实施、疏散人员行为和主观感受等进行了全过程跟踪评估,系统描述了该方法的使用过程。     

灾害大规模混合应急疏散研究

为提高城市在自然灾害发生后的大规模疏散效率,减少人员伤亡和财产损失,以总时间最短为上层目标函数,应急疏散路网利用率最大为下层目标函数,考虑道路的通行能力及应急交通管理部门对应急疏散产生的影响,建立一个双层人车应急混合疏散规划模型。鉴于模型的复杂性,采用粒子群算法对模型进行求解。算例结果表明:有应急交通部门统一管理的路网应急疏散的能力比自然路网应急疏散的能力高87.3%。     

应急救援多目标时限指派模型

为实现应急救援队伍的合理派遣,对应急救援队伍的救援效率、救援物资消耗、最佳救援时间等因素进行分析。突出应急救援的时效性和救援目标的多属性特征,提出在保证应急救援最短时限的前提下,以应急救援效率最大化、物资消耗最小化为优化目标,构建最短时限应急救援多目标指派模型。采用线性加权和法将多目标化为单目标决策问题,运用两阶段法对模型进行求解。数值计算结果表明:最短时限的引入能有效实现应急救援队伍合理、公平派遣。     

应急预案建模方法及其在石油化工行业的应用研究

针对如何解决应急预案的结构化存储和应用问题,在基于本体论的基础上,提出引入静态和动态元模型方法,建立应急预案模型.首先,分析了当前主要应急预案知识表示方法,指出在处理多组织协同、应急过程受条件约束等问题,需要区分静态和动态模型,降低建模复杂度.基于本体论,将应急预案分解为静态和动态两个部分,各部分采用为多视图的形式进行描述;在此基础上,给出了构建应急预案模型的构建方法.最后,以加氢裂化装置的灭火预案为例,进行了建模.该方法的提出,有效地解决了对应急预案中事件、过程、动作等要素之间复杂逻辑约束关系的建模问题.应用该建模方法,有助于对应急预案的结构化管理,便于通过计算机实现预案的模拟演练.     

公安消防部队应急救援能力评价方法研究

我国的自然灾害和人为灾害较为严重,各类灾害事故频繁发生,公安消防部队职能进一步拓宽,应急救援和灭火任务日益繁重.笔者在分析当前应急救援现状的基础上,提出了公安消防部队应急救援能力的概念,并根据基层公安消防部队的实际情况,以合理建设消防部队应急救援能力为目标,提出了一套消防部队应急救援能力评价体系.该体系为应急救援能力评价研究提供一种新的尝试,可为消防部队应急救援能力的科学评价和管理决策提供依据.     

煤矿企业脆弱性评估的AHP-RS组合权重法

在阐述脆弱性的研究现状、基本概念和评价模型的基础上,构建了脆弱性评价模型,并针对具体的煤矿企业应急管理体系进行脆弱性评估,列出脆弱性评估的具体指标体系。在综合考虑主、客观因素的影响条件下,运用AHP-RS组合权重法和均等权重法分别确定一级指标和二级指标的权重,得出脆弱性指数。进而分析了该矿区的脆弱性程度及具体指标在系统脆弱性中所占比重大小,为煤矿企业应急管理脆弱性评估提供了一种新的定量评估方法,有利于全面掌握煤矿企业突发事件应急管理能力。