Development and application of a water pollution emergency response system for the Three Gorges Reservoir in the Yangtze River, China

There are many watercraft and production accidents in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) of the Yangtze River in China every year. Accidents threaten the water quality of the 1085 km2 surface area of the TGRA and millions of local people if oil and chemical leakage were to occur. A water pollution management system for emergency response (WPMS ER) was therefore designed for the management of pollution in this area. An integrated geographic information system (GIS)-based water pollution management information system for the TGRA, called WPMS ER TGRA, was developed in this study. ArcGIS engine was used as the system development platform, and Visual Basic as the programming language. The models for hydraulic and water quality simulation and the generation of body-fitted coordinates were developed and programmed as a dynamically linked library file using Visual Basic, and they can be launched by other computer programs. Subsequently, the GIS-based information system was applied to the emergency water pollution management of a shipwreck releasing 10 tons of phenol into the Yangtze River during two hours. The results showed that WPMS ER TGRA can assist with emergency water pollution management and simulate the transfer and di usion of accidental pollutants in the river. Furthermore, it can quickly identify the a ected area and how it will change over time within a few minutes of an accident occurring.     

城市重大事故可持续应急的过程性特征研究

对城市重大事故应急的安全学内涵进行了研究,提出了城市重大事故可持续应急的概念.提出对于某个城市特定事故的应急响应过程,应该符合自组织规律,运用自组织理论建立了城市重大事故应急的可持续性模型.研究表明,城市重大事故应急的发展过程,按照其内部应急资源的响应速度,可以分为预防、预备、响应和恢复4个阶段,在理论上丰富了应急的内涵.同时指出了提高城市重大事故应急系统效能的途径.     

2006年中国城市饮用水源突发污染事件统计及分析

统计分析了我国2006年1月1日至12月31日发生的城市饮用水源突发污染事件,以揭示2005年松花江污染和哈尔滨停水重大事件之后,中国城市水源突发污染事件发生的规律、危害、应急响应状况以及总体情况和变化趋势,检验近1年来中国城市水源突发污染事件应急机制的有效性和科学性.从发生日期、地点、污染物种类、事件简况、应急反应5个方面对75起突发污染事件的统计分析表明:1)2006年突发污染事件总体呈数量增多、危害增大的趋势;2)危险化学品和各类工业污水仍是主要污染物;3)交通事故、工厂泄漏事故和突然排污仍是主要风险源;4)41.3%的事件威胁到了城市供水系统安全运行,造成城市几小时或多天停水,带来严重的社会影响;5)92%的突发污染事件得到了应急响应,但应急时间远大于国家规定的1h,应急预案在快速性和有效性方面还需改进.     

重大突发事件应急管理的新思考——以“4.20”雅安地震为例

为了减少重大突发事件造成的损失,以"4.20"雅安地震为例,分析了重大突发事件具有突发性强、影响范围大且后果严重、救援紧迫性强、参与主体多元化等特点。与汶川地震比较,雅安地震在救灾反应速度、救灾手段和救灾效率3个方面有比较大的进步,但也存在管理混乱、信息混乱、角色混乱等问题。在此基础上,阐述了面对重大突发事件时值得人们思考的问题,为类似事件应急管理提供参考与思路。     

突发环境污染事故应急监测中存在问题与对策

专业人员、内设机构、仪器设备、资金投入的瓶颈,环境应急预案编制的质量,国家应急监测技术规范的制定,应急监测演练的实际效果等是环境应急监测中存在的主要问题。应对突发污染事故的监测,应该从监测部门的内设机构建设,专业人员的配备,政府资金的投入,设备的更新添置,提高应急预案的编制质量,加强应急监测人员的培训和应急监测演练的常态化,国家应急监测技术规范的制定等多方面入手。     

饮用水中致嗅物质的去除技术和应急措施研究

为了解饮用水中异味的来源和常用去除技术,在文献调研的基础上,介绍了饮用水中致嗅物质的来源,分析了饮用水异味的常用去除技术:吸附法、化学氧化法和生物处理法,总结了三种方法的优缺点.最后,结合江苏省环境应急所开展的工作,阐述了饮用水源地异味事件的应急处置过程,为应对工作提供参考.多部门合作和专家参与是处置过程中不可缺少的环节.     

便携式傅里叶变换红外多组分气体分析仪在环境应急监测中的应用研究

经济的快速发展带来了很多污染问题,环境应急监测是环境监测工作的重要组成部分.利用一种便携式傅里叶变换红外多组分气体分析仪快速检测环境中多种烃类气态污染物,并对该方法的检出限、测定下限、精密度和准确度进行考察.结果表明利用该方法可快速检测环境中10种烃类污染物,检出限最低可达甲烷0.08 mg/m3 ,精密度和准确度都满足方法学验证的要求,说明所建立的方法可作为一种有效应急监测环境中多组分气体的方法.     

基于灰色层次分析的灭火救援实兵演习效果评估

灭火救援实兵演习是消防训练工作的重要组成部分,是高级的、贴近实战的消防战术训练方式。为了使演习评估结果真实地反映参演消防部队的战斗力,加强消防部队技战术训练的针对性,介绍了一种基于灰色层次分析的灭火救援实兵演习效果评估方法,确定了指标体系,构建了评估模型。以某市举办的地震救援实兵演习为对象,进行了评估,结果显示该演习处于"较好"水平,但应加强现场通信和警戒保障的训练。该实例验算的结果证明了这种评估方法的可行性,为消防部队灭火救援实兵演习效果评估提供了理论依据。     

基于贝叶斯网络情景分析的含水土质埋压救援现场监测体系研究*

为提高含水土质埋压救援现场救援效率,基于贝叶斯网络进行情景推演分析,明确典型不利情景演化路径和关键节点,构建多方位多因素耦合的含水土质埋压监测体系。研究结果表明:基于贝叶斯网络情景分析的含水土质埋压救援现场监测体系将灾害环境监测、救援人员状态监测、埋压人员状态监测、救援设备状态监测、整体救援进展跟踪监测划分为18个监测单元,明确土质压力等11个关键监测参数及其技术手段。研究结果可有效提高救援行动安全性,为含水土质埋压救援现场安全监测系统研发提供理论支撑。     

Cracking the humanitarian logistic coordination challenge: lessons from the urban search and rescue community

The challenges of achieving successful inter‐agency logistic coordination in preparing for and responding to natural disasters and complex emergencies are both well understood and well documented. However, although many of these challenges remain unresolved, the literature reveals that the organisations that form the urban search and rescue (USAR) community have attained a high level of coherence and interoperability that results in a highly efficient and effective response. Therefore, this paper uses the idea of ‘borrowing’ from other fields as it explores how the processes and procedures used by the USAR community might be applied to improve humanitarian logistic operations. The paper analyses the USAR model and explores how the resultant challenges might be addressed in a humanitarian logistic context. The paper recommends that further research be undertaken in order to develop a modified USAR model that could be operationalised by the international community of humanitarian logisticians.