工业化水平区域差异与中国能源消费

在对30个省区工业化水平进行了聚类分析的基础上，描述了工业化水平的区域差异。通过对中国煤炭、石油两类非可再生能源的消费在区域工业增长中的判别分析，探讨了区域工业化水平对能源消费水平的影响。这种影响以工业能源密度为动因，促成了区域工业化水平与能源消费总量水平的一致性和差异性。研究结果表明：工业能源密度的降低和能源效率的改进有利于工业化水平提高。     

云南省能源消耗与经济增长关系的实证研究

根据云南省36年主要年份能源消耗的统计数据以及相应年份人均GDP统计数据,对单位GDP能源消耗与人均GDP之间的相关关系进行了分析,选取相关能耗指标(煤炭消耗量、石油消耗量、天然气消耗量、电力消耗量),建立两者之间的计量模型,并在此基础上分析单位GDP能源消耗与人均GDP增长的关系。经研究发现,云南省单位GDP能源消耗与人均GDP增长呈类似于EKC的倒U型曲线,且当今曲线已过转折点,单位GDP能源消耗随人均GDP增长将持续下降。因此,有必要采取有力措施进一步降低单位GDP能源消耗,倡导"循环经济"、"绿色GDP"等,使曲线走势向更加良好、完善的方向演变。     

Australian junior exploration floats, 2001–06, and their implications for IPOs

An analysis of 179 junior exploration floats, listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) between July 2001 and June 2006, helped to build a basic understanding of the strategy and business structure of these companies. The “typical” junior explorer raised A$4 million at initial public offering (IPO) to finance a 2-year, mainly greenfields exploration program. The capital raised at IPO entitled its investors to approximately half of the company, with the balance in the hands of the promoters, vendors and/or seed capital investors. Of the A$4 million raised at IPO, it intended to spend approximately two-thirds on exploration, while the remainder was absorbed in corporate overheads and the costs of the IPO. Once these were paid, ongoing corporate overheads averaged approximately 28% of its total operational expenditure. However, given an average total annual expenditure of approximately A$2.6 million, most juniors held insufficient capital reserves to meet operational costs beyond a time frame of 2 years. As at October 2006, 9% of the companies were in the process of mine construction, whereas 6% had made it to producer status. The lead time from listing to production ranged from 1.5 to 53 months, giving a median of 28 months.     

伊利金川污水处理厂的设计与运行

根据乳品生产中产生的污水水质特点,对伊利金川污水处理厂采用“调节-隔油-UASB-SBR”工艺进行了工程设计。运行结果表明,采用UASB工艺处理乳品生产中的污水,绝大部分有机物可由厌氧微生物进行降解及去除,每天可减少供氧能耗约7900kW·h,每年可节约电费约130万元。出水水质符合GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准。同时,污水处理厂每天可产生约14300m3沼气(含9875m3甲烷),相当于9.8吨标准煤。沼气可用于低压锅炉燃烧原料,对于缓解目前能源日益紧缺的压力和发展企业的循环经济具有非常重要的意义。该工艺还具有路线短及能源回收等优点,实用性强。     

中国西藏开发中的“长江战略”问题研究

西藏地处我国西部 ,西藏开发是西部大开发的重要组成部分。通过对长江经济带和西藏开发的关系及西藏发展的历史、现状和问题的分析 ,认为长江经济带有能力 ,也有必要支持西藏自治区的发展。根据西藏目前的发展现状和存在的问题来看 ,长江经济带有必要在新的背景条件下 ,寻求更好的战略模式促进西藏开发。也即同西藏两地通过文化交流促进经济融合 ,以改变观念为出发点 ,拓展潜在市场为目标 ,达到促进西藏开发和长江经济带进一步发展的双重目的。长江战略的实施要点包括 :(1)推广双语学习 ,以文化交流促进经济融合 ;(2 )提高藏语教学的师资质量 ,改善劳动力整体素质 ;(3)让一部分藏民先富起来 ,成为西藏开发的中坚力量 ;(4)合作协助发展交通、通讯等基础设施 ,完善交流手段 ;(5 )帮助扶植西藏地区的起步产业 ,逐步培养自立发展经济的能力     

新工艺炭黑生产的节能与环境效益

对于能耗高、污染重的炭黑工业来说,采用新工艺生产炭黑,其节能效果与环境效果是显著的。     

Key role for nuclear energy in global biodiversity conservation

Modern society uses massive amounts of energy. Usage rises as population and affluence increase, and energy production and use often have an impact on biodiversity or natural areas. To avoid a business‐as‐usual dependence on coal, oil, and gas over the coming decades, society must map out a future energy mix that incorporates alternative sources. This exercise can lead to radically different opinions on what a sustainable energy portfolio might entail, so an objective assessment of the relative costs and benefits of different energy sources is required. We evaluated the land use, emissions, climate, and cost implications of 3 published but divergent storylines for future energy production, none of which was optimal for all environmental and economic indicators. Using multicriteria decision‐making analysis, we ranked 7 major electricity‐generation sources (coal, gas, nuclear, biomass, hydro, wind, and solar) based on costs and benefits and tested the sensitivity of the rankings to biases stemming from contrasting philosophical ideals. Irrespective of weightings, nuclear and wind energy had the highest benefit‐to‐cost ratio. Although the environmental movement has historically rejected the nuclear energy option, new‐generation reactor technologies that fully recycle waste and incorporate passive safety systems might resolve their concerns and ought to be more widely understood. Because there is no perfect energy source however, conservation professionals ultimately need to take an evidence‐based approach to consider carefully the integrated effects of energy mixes on biodiversity conservation. Trade‐offs and compromises are inevitable and require advocating energy mixes that minimize net environmental damage. Society cannot afford to risk wholesale failure to address energy‐related biodiversity impacts because of preconceived notions and ideals.     

Life cycle analysis of a biogas-centred integrated dairy farm-greenhouse system in British Columbia

This study investigates the potential integration of a dairy farm and a greenhouse into an eco-industrial system to promote waste-to-energy and waste-to-material exchanges. Natural gas consumption is substituted by renewable biogas generated from anaerobic digestion (AD) of the dairy manure; CO₂ for plant enrichment in greenhouses is supplied by biogas combustion and the digestate (digestion residue) from digesters is used as animal bedding, plant growing media and liquid fertilizers.A life cycle analysis (LCA) was conducted to quantify the environmental impacts of the eco-industrial system in comparison to the conventional agriculture practices. The results show that the integrated system reduces non-renewable energy consumption, climate change impact, acidification, respiratory effects from organic emissions, and human toxicity by more than 40%. If the digestate surplus is treated as a waste, the integrated system shows an increase in eutrophication and respiratory effects from inorganic emissions while all the analyzed impacts are reduced if the digestate can be used for substituting chemical fertilizers.     

Experimental study on the influence of the nitrogen concentration in the air on the minimum ignition energies of combustible powders due to electrostatic discharges

As a useful method of preventing dust explosions, nitrogen (N₂), an incombustible gas, has been applied to an explosive atmosphere. This paper is a report that quantitatively determines whether the minimum ignition energy of powder depends on the nitrogen (or oxygen) concentration in the air. Hartman vertical-tube apparatus and six sample powders were used in this study. The results show that the minimum ignition energies of all of the powders used in this study increased with increased amounts of N₂ in the air. However, the effects were different in all of the sample powders. We finally suggest that the N₂ concentration of 84% (or above) prevents dust explosions due to electrostatic discharges in the industrial process with the sample powders used in this experiment.     

基于GFI模型的工业能源强度变动因素分解研究

在前人研究的基础上,核算了2001-2010年天津市34个工业行业的能源强度,利用GFI(Generalized Fisher Index)模型将能源强度的变动分解为技术进步、能源结构和产业结构3个因素.结果表明,从逐年各因素效应的累积值来看,产业结构对天津市能源强度变动的影响最大,其次是能源结构,技术进步的影响较小;在各因素效应值的波动方面,能源结构与技术进步对能源强度变动的影响波动较小,产业结构的影响效应值波动较大.从产业结构的角度来看,天津市2001-2010年重工业产值的增加快于轻工业,二者的差距逐渐加大,这种态势抑制了能源强度的降低;从技术进步的角度来看,由于绿色生产技术的广泛使用,天津市重工业与轻工业的单位产值能源消耗都呈下降趋势.因此,天津市进一步降低能源强度的重点还应该放在产业结构调整方面,发展绿色产业,促进产业升级;同时,不能忽视能源结构和技术进步因素的作用,大力发展绿色能源和新能源,推广清洁生产技术.