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951.
本项调控工程分两步:1984—1986年在山一村106ha农田开展病虫害综合防治试验示范;1987—1989年将试验成果应用于生产。试验研究取得了明显的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益:农药用量比1983年前减少80.6%,稻谷中农药残留不超标(原有机氯农药666残留超标率31.6%);害虫天敌稻田蜘蛛增加83.3—180.0%,稻虱多索线虫增加2倍;防治农药成本减少53.7%。并制定了《山一村农田农药污染防治技术规程》,其主要内容有:开展病虫害“二查二定”,达到防治指标时用药;制定病虫害防治策略,在防治适期内用药;推广高效低残留农药,遵守农药安全间隔期;推广抗性良种,适施N肥,增施P、K肥;保护利用天敌,发挥天敌自然抑制作用。 相似文献
952.
我国民用机场航空噪声影响现状及原因分析 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
描述了我国民用机场航空噪声影响的现状,通过调查发现航空噪声影响严重、比较严重、一般和轻微的民用机场数量分别占全国航班机场总数的0.83%、14.05%、14.88%和70.24%。论文分析了该问题在法规标准、管理、环境影响评价、规划控制和技术研究等5个方面原因。 相似文献
953.
K. Srogi 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2007,5(4):169-195
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. They
have a relatively low solubility in water, but are highly lipophilic. Most of the PAHs with low vapour pressure in the air
are adsorbed on particles. When dissolved in water or adsorbed on particulate matter, PAHs can undergo photodecomposition
when exposed to ultraviolet light from solar radiation. In the atmosphere, PAHs can react with pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen
oxides and sulfur dioxide, yielding diones, nitro- and dinitro-PAHs, and sulfonic acids, respectively. PAHs may also be degraded
by some microorganisms in the soil. PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from incomplete combustion of
organic materials. The occurrence is largely a result of anthropogenic emissions such as fossil fuel-burning, motor vehicle,
waste incinerator, oil refining, coke and asphalt production, and aluminum production, etc. PAHs have received increased attention
in recent years in air pollution studies because some of these compounds are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. Eight PAHs
(Car-PAHs) typically considered as possible carcinogens are: benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene,
benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. In particular, benzo(a)pyrene
has been identified as being highly carcinogenic. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated 16 unsubstituted
PAHs (EPA-PAH) as priority pollutants. Thus, exposure assessments of PAHs in the developing world are important. The scope
of this review will be to give an overview of PAH concentrations in various environmental samples and to discuss the advantages
and limitations of applying these parameters in the assessment of environmental risks in ecosystems and human health. As it
well known, there is an increasing trend to use the behavior of pollutants (i.e. bioaccumulation) as well as pollution-induced
biological and biochemical effects on human organisms to evaluate or predict the impact of chemicals on ecosystems. Emphasis
in this review will, therefore, be placed on the use of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in air, soil, water and food,
as monitoring tools for the assessment of the risks and hazards of PAH concentrations for the ecosystem, as well as on its
limitations. 相似文献
954.
本文探讨了通过农业技术措施,控制稻田甲烷排放以及减少甲烷排放的潜力。试验结果表明:(1)用沼渣代替农家肥堆肥作基肥时,4种沼渣基肥处理中,有3种处理稻田甲烷排放通量比施农家肥的处理减少24~62%,比单纯施化肥处理减少11~56%;1种沼渣(马粪)由于腐熟度不够,其处理甲烷减排效果不明显;(2)改换氮肥的施用种类。以硝铵、硫铵代替尿素作追肥,甲烷排放通量分别减少26%和46%;(3)稻田的科学灌溉技术,从水用分蘖到抽穗期间,间歇落干,可以明显减少甲烷排放,而对产量无影响;(4)水稻半旱式栽培技术,也可明显抑制稻田甲烷排放。 相似文献
955.
超滤技术在环境工程中的应用现状 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
本文对国内外超滤技术在环境工程中的应用,主要是废水处理中的应用现状进行了综述。涉及的废水包括纺织工业,机械制造工业,石油化工工业,食品加工工业及其它工业污水,也包括部分生活污水,在这些污水治理过程中,不仅可消除或减轻污水对环境的污染,同时也可以回收有价值的物质,使水部分或全部回用。 相似文献
956.
太行山是我国山地植被破坏历史最长、生态环境严重恶化的山地生态系统,“七五”期间国家将绿化太行山列入重点攻关项目。从1986年开始,作者根据生态工程原理提出:环境辨识工程、种群引进选择工程、种群匹配工程、水土富集工程、时间节律工程和食物链工程为主的立体林业工程新思想,并在湘山小流域建起实施模式。经四年的工作,已取得较大进展。 相似文献
957.
骆金鸿 《湖南环境生物职业技术学院学报》2007,13(2):48-50
供应链管理强调供应链上节点企业及其活动的整体集成,其管理范围不仅包括企业内部的生产经营活动,而且涉及整体供应链管理技术,并且在管理中特别重视企业之间的合作.基于期望理论从动机控制机制角度浅谈供应链企业之间的运作.图1,参4. 相似文献
958.
悬挂链曝气技术应用于河流污染治理 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
王涛 《城市环境与城市生态》2003,16(5):16-18
在介绍了悬挂链曝气技术的特点和在复氧曝气方面的适用性的基础上,对该技术的局限性进行了阐述,并认为悬挂链技术为河流污染治理提供了一种新选择。 相似文献
959.
Byron K. Williams 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2001,8(3):269-288
Wildlife management is limited by uncontrolled and often unrecognized environmental variation, by limited capabilities to observe and control animal populations, and by a lack of understanding about the biological processes driving population dynamics. In this paper I describe a comprehensive framework for management that includes multiple models and likelihood values to account for structural uncertainty, along with stochastic factors to account for environmental variation, random sampling, and partial controllability. Adaptive optimization is developed in terms of the optimal control of incompletely understood populations, with the expected value of perfect information measuring the potential for improving control through learning. The framework for optimal adaptive control is generalized by including partial observability and non-adaptive, sample-based updating of model likelihoods. Passive adaptive management is derived as a special case of constrained adaptive optimization, representing a potentially efficient suboptimal alternative that nonetheless accounts for structural uncertainty. 相似文献
960.
The control of water collection in honey bee colonies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony adaptively controls the collection of water by its foragers, increasing it when high temperatures necesssitate evaporative cooling inside the hive and decreasing it when the danger of overheating passes. This study analyzes the mechanisms controlling water collection once it has begun, that is, how a colony's water collectors know whether to continue or stop their activity. M. Lindauer suggested that water collectors acquire information about their colony's need for more water by noting how easily they can unload their water to bees inside the hive. In support of this hypothesis, we found that a water collector's ease of unloading does indeed change when her colony's need for water changes. How does a water collector sense the ease of unloading? Multiple variables of the unloading experience change in relation to a colony's water need. Three time-based variables – initial search time, total search time, and delivery time – all change quite strongly. But what changes most strongly is the number of unloading rejections (refusals by receiver bees to take the water), suggesting that this is the primary index of ease of unloading. Why does a water collector's ease of unloading change when her colony's need for water changes? Evidently, what links these two variables is change in the number of water receivers. These are middle-aged bees that receive water just inside the hive entrance, then transport it deeper inside the hive, and finally smear it on the walls of cells or give it to other bees, or both. A colony increases the number of water receivers when its water need increases by having bees engaged in nectar reception and other tasks (and possibly also bees that are not working) switch to the task of water reception. Evidently the activation of additional water receivers does not strongly reduce the number of nectar receivers in a colony, since a colony can increase greatly its water collection without simultaneously decreasing its collection of rich nectar. This study provides a clear example of the way that the members of a social insect colony can use indirect indicators of their colony's labor needs to adaptively control the work that they perform. 相似文献