双控下翻式车窗逃生装置设计及试验研究

为克服传统逃生装置存在的破坏性、开启困难和二次伤害等问题,提高车辆逃生装置的实用性,设计出一种用电磁和机械开关双重控制的、下翻式可折叠车用新型逃生车窗。逃生窗的机械系统为操作轻便的下翻式结构,下翻后可形成牢固的一级阶梯,便于车内乘客撤离。该车窗由电磁开关和机械开关并联控制,可分别开启下翻机构,以提高可靠性。对逃生窗机械结构的有限元分析表明,改进后的逃生窗结构有足够的承载能力,能够保证车内乘客安全撤离。静态和动态的逃生试验显示,逃生车窗能被迅速开启、便于人员撤离。     

寺家庄井田煤储层渗透率表征方法优选

煤储层渗透率是影响瓦斯抽采与煤层气开发的重要参数,快速评价不同结构煤体的渗透率对指导现场工作有重要意义。以寺家庄井田为例,为了优选出表征煤储层渗透率的合适方法,通过裂隙分形维数、声波速度和地质强度指标(GSI)对煤体结构进行定量表征,测试其渗透率,依据表征的难易程度和二者拟合系数进行对比。结果表明:裂隙分形维数与渗透率相关性显著,但是操作较为繁琐且不适用于软煤;声波速度法操作简单,但与渗透率关系不明显;地质强度指标与渗透率具有显著的相关性,操作简单,适用于所有煤体结构。因此,寺家庄井田煤储层渗透率表征的最佳方法为地质强度指标法。     

标准化动车组车窗(门)气压疲劳试验的装置研究

标准化动车组相关标准规定对样车的车窗(门)需进行交变气压载荷疲劳试验,以验证车窗(门)结构的疲劳强度。根据现有通用的车窗(门)气压疲劳实验装置,设计了另外一种新型的试验装置。本装置原理简单,操作方便,通用性能很强,能适用于不同的压力、频率、波形的试验条件,并可以采集到车窗(门)在交变载荷下的应变、形变值,为验证动车组车窗(门)在交变气压载荷下的疲劳强度特性提供了重要的试验手段。     

活性污泥表面性质对絮凝沉降性能与出水悬浮物的影响

为了研究污水处理厂活性污泥表面性质对絮凝性能(flocculation ability,FA)和出水悬浮物(effluent suspend solid,ESS)的影响,测定了北京市7个不同污水处理厂活性污泥的表面性质,包括污泥容积指数(sludge volume index,SVI)和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)中的蛋白质/多糖(protein/carbohydrate,P/C)比例、Zeta电位以及二维分形维数(twodimensional fractal dimension,D2f),并且通过相关性分析和拟合,探讨了这几个参数与活性污泥的FA和ESS的关系.结果表明,SVI与活性污泥的FA和ESS并不存在明显的相关关系,但FA和ESS存在明显的负线性相关关系(R_2=0.787);当EPS中的P/C从1.28增加到25.34时,FA可从0.19增加到0.73,ESS从14.89 mg·L~(-1)降低到6.08 mg·L~(-1),蛋白质中的氨基带有正电荷能够中和絮体表面的负电荷,其在EPS中所占的比例越大,有利于降低表面Zeta电位的绝对值和形成更稳定的絮体结构,进而提高絮凝能力.而且,Zeta电位与活性污泥的FA和ESS分别存在负线性相关(R_2=0.883)和正线性相关(R_2=0.902),当Zeta电位的绝对值每减小1 m V,FA提高0.059,ESS减少0.934 mg·L~(-1).此外,活性污泥的D2f与FA基本上呈现指数关系(R_2=0.935,P0.01),当D2f从1.10增加到1.45,FA提高了4.3倍,而同时D2f与ESS具有较好的负线性相关(R_2=0.868).     

不同孔径HZSM-5协同低温等离子体催化降解甲苯性能研究

研究了HZSM-5分子筛孔径对其在等离子体场内催化降解甲苯的影响.采用化学液相沉积法对HZSM-5分子筛进行改性,利用XRD、氮气吸附脱附等方法表征样品的骨架结构和表面性质,并用择形吸附实验对样品孔径进行表征.同时,评价了HZSM-5分子筛体系中降解甲苯的性能,研究了分子筛吸附甲苯性能及臭氧的产量,并采用飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了反应产生的有机副产物.结果表明:液相沉积法成功调控了HZSM-5孔径,样品孔径随沉积剂用量增加而减小;同时,样品均具有相同的MFI骨架结构,比表面积和孔容相差不大.HZSM-5的孔径尺寸对甲苯去除率影响不大,但对碳平衡有影响,孔径越大,碳平衡越好.孔径较大的HZSM-5分子筛对甲苯具有更大的吸附速率和吸附容量,同时更多臭氧参与反应,生成·OH和O·,促进甲苯深度氧化,减少副产物,提高碳平衡.     

Study on the effects of organic matter characteristics on the residual aluminum and flocs in coagulation processes

Characteristics of organic matter may affect the residual aluminum after the coagulation process. This study reported the results of a survey for one drinking water treatment plant and measured the concentration of residual aluminum species with different molecular weights. Survey results indicated that humic acid or organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da had significant effects on residual aluminum. All the treatment processes were ineffective in removing dissolved organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da. These results also indicated that the addition of sand or polyacrylamide in the coagulation process could greatly decrease the concentration of humic acid, and the concentration of residual aluminum also decreased. These results revealed that for all water samples after filtration, the majority of total residual aluminum existed in the form of total dissolved aluminum, accounting for 70%–90%. The concentration of residual aluminum produced in bovine serum albumin solutions indicated that when the DOC was larger than 4.0 mg/L, there were still significant differences when the solution pH value varied from 4.0 to 9.0.     

城市道路下垫面粗糙度对街尘累积分布与污染特征的影响

道路下垫面是街尘累积-冲刷这一城市地表径流发生核心过程的重要场所,研究道路下垫面粗糙度对街尘及其负载污染物的持留分布与污染特征将对估算地表径流负荷及控制策略提供重要科学依据.本文以典型沥青和混凝土路面的街尘为研究对象,采样配对法试验设计并结合分形理论,对比分析粗糙度对街尘单位面积含量、颗粒物粒径组成、负载的氮磷及重金属污染的影响.结果表明,相比沥青路面,粗糙度较小的水泥路面所持留的颗粒物单位面积含量较少,颗粒物粒径较细,分选性较好.氮、磷含量与2种下垫面的粗糙度并无显著的相关关系,主要受环境因素影响较大,各粒径的氮、磷含量负荷比与其质量比一致,细粒径颗粒物对氮、磷的吸附作用并不明显.而重金属污染则受2种下垫面的粗糙度影响较大,水泥路面重金属含量高于沥青路面,且细粒径颗粒物的重金属污染负荷比较大,高于其质量比2.4%~24.1%.不同下垫面街尘样品各粒径段颗粒物微观形态相似.破损路面对街尘累积过程的单位面积含量及粒径组成有着较大的影响,可能对街尘累积冲刷过程及污染物富集存在不同程度的影响.     

Offsets and Conservation of the Species of the EU Habitats and Birds Directives

Biodiversity offsets are intended to achieve no net loss of biodiversity due to economic and human development. A variety of biodiversity components are addressed by offset policies. It is required that loss of protected species due to development be offset under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives in Europe. We call this type of offset a species‐equality offset because the offset pertains to the same species affected by the development project. Whether species equality can be achieved by offset design is unknown. We addressed this gap by reviewing derogation files (i.e., specific files that describe mitigation measures to ensure no net loss under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives) from 85 development projects in France (2009–2010). We collected information on type of effect (reversible vs. irreversible) and characteristics of affected and offset sites (i.e., types of species, total area). We analyzed how the type of effect and the affected‐site characteristics influenced the occurrence of offset measures. The proportion of species targeted by offset measures (i.e., offset species) increased with the irreversibility of the effect of development and the conservation status of the species affected by development (i.e., affected species). Not all effects on endangered species (International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List) were offset; on average, 82% of affected species would be offset. Twenty‐six percent of species of least concern were offset species. Thirty‐five percent of development projects considered all affected species in their offset measures. Species richness was much lower in offset sites than in developed sites even after offset proposals. For developed areas where species richness was relatively high before development, species richness at offset sites was 5–10 times lower. The species‐equality principle appears to have been applied only partially in offset policies, as in the EU directives. We suggest the application of this principle through offsets is highly important for the long‐term conservation of biodiversity in Europe. Compensaciones y Conservación de las Especies de las Directivas de Hábitats y Aves de la UE     

情景-应对模式下考虑软时间窗的高铁应急资源调度优化

为提升高速铁路应急处置水平,考虑突发事件发生后应急资源需求的不确定性,通过对事故情景集的分析和计算,采用"情景-应对"模式,获取事故点的资源需求量;通过引入"软时间窗"概念,建立以超时惩罚成本、资源运输成本和救援点固定出动成本3者之和最小化为优化目标的应急资源调度模型,利用遗传算法进行求解,并基于实际事故案例验证方法和...     

复杂开口房间火灾中性层位置的计算

本文建立了复杂开口房间的数学模型,并运用等效窗口面积法对复杂开口条件(门窗同时开启)下房间中性层关系进行了数学推导,对单一开口和复杂开口房间发生火灾时房间门和窗同时开启状态下中性层位置进行求解和比较分析,同时还对不同温度下房间孔洞的烟气、空气质量流量进行了计算和比较;对在室内温度逐渐升高的情况下房间中性层高度的变化进行了研究和分析。从而得出多开口不同开口高度条件下中性层位置的求解方法,温度与中性层高度、烟气质量流量、空气质量流量的关系,以及空气改善系数对烟气、空气质量流量和中性层高度的影响。