Modeling of Sediment Yield From Anjeni-Gauged Watershed,Ethiopia Using SWAT Model1

Setegn, Shimelis G., Bijan Dargahi, Ragahavan Srinivasan, and Assefa M. Melesse, 2010. Modeling of Sediment Yield From Anjeni-Gauged Watershed, Ethiopia Using SWAT Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):514-526. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00431.x Abstract: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was tested for prediction of sediment yield in Anjeni-gauged watershed, Ethiopia. Soil erosion and land degradation is a major problem on the Ethiopian highlands. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance and applicability of SWAT model in predicting monthly sediment yield and assess the impacts of subbasin delineation and slope discretization on the prediction of sediment yield. Ten years monthly meteorological, flow and sediment data were used for model calibration and validation. The annual average measured sediment yield was 24.6 tonnes/ha. The annual average simulated sediment yield was 27.8 and 29.5 tones/ha for calibration and validation periods, respectively. The study found that the observed values showed good agreement with the simulated sediment yield with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) = 0.81, percent bias (PBIAS) = 28%, RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) = 0.23, and coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.86 for calibration and NSE = 0.79, PBIAS = 30%, RSR = 0.29, and R² = 0.84 for validation periods. The model can be used for further analysis of different management scenarios that could help different stakeholders to plan and implement appropriate soil and water conservation strategies.     

紫色土坡面跌坑贯穿发生细沟的水动力过程

跌坑是坡面土壤特性和薄层水流动力的耦合作用形成,而跌坑对坡面漫流的集中导致了水流流速、流深和切应力的变化,进一步塑造了侵蚀坡面形态导致跌坑贯穿发生细沟;目前关于跌坑与水动力耦合作用的研究相对较少。采用人工模拟降雨试验方法,分析了跌坑对径流特征的影响,定义了径流集中度〖WTBX〗Kc〖WTBZ〗,回归调查了径流集中后切应力与跌坑贯穿下切速率的关系。结果表明：紫色土曼宁糙度系数随雨强增大而减小,漫流区坡面曼宁糙度系数变化介于0014～0026,沟道曼宁糙度系数变化介于0008～0015;薄层水流流速和流深顺坡增大,在跌坑处集中后流速剧增,雨强越大流速越大、流深越小;径流切应力顺坡增大,跌坑集中薄层水流而切应力剧增导致跌坑贯穿;试验紫色土可蚀性参数〖WTBX〗Ke〖WTBZ〗为0144 s/m,跌坑贯穿的临界切应力为248 Pa。     

复杂事件事故树“人-机-环”简易展开模型及应用

为了寻找编制复杂事件事故树时中间事件的展开方式,采用理论分析的方法,剖析事故原因,发现事故的发生均是事故致因理论中"人-机-环"三因素作用导致的。基于此,根据系统分割准则和事故致因理论,研究了一种事故树基本展开型式,提出事故树编制时的"二分法"原则,建立了通用的事故树简易展开模型。利用模型将事故的"人-机-环"三因素分析方法应用于高处坠落这一事件的事故树分析中,确定了高处坠落事故的主要影响因素,编制出包含7个中间事件和11个基本事件的高处坠落事故树。研究表明,模型可有效实现复杂事件事故树的编制及影响因素分析,研究结论将传统的"因素分析"从定性向半定量方向推进了一步。     

模拟降雨试验研究神东矿区不同阶段堆积弃土的水土流失

选择了神东矿区内坡度范围在30°～35°之间,弃土时间分别为2002～2003年、2000～2001年、1998～1999年、1996～1997年、1994～1995年、1992～1993年、1990～1991年以及原状土共计8个试验区进行强度为1.5和2.5mm·min-1的土壤侵蚀模拟试验.经过数据处理,获得了16场降雨的累积产沙曲线;利用统计软件SPSS11.5进行因子分析,确定了影响土壤侵蚀的主要因子为弃土堆积时间和土壤的植被覆盖度.结果表明,不同阶段弃土具有明显不同的抗侵蚀能力;随着堆积时间的增加,弃土的植被覆盖度和抗侵蚀能力都有较明显的提高;弃土时间超过7a的地区植被和抗侵蚀能力都有较好的恢复,而堆积时间超过10a的弃土基本达到原状土土壤的抗侵蚀水平.     

A GIS Approach to Model Sediment Reduction Susceptibility of Mixed Sand and Gravel Beaches

The morphological form of mixed sand and gravel beaches is distinct, and the process/response system and complex dynamics of these beaches are not well understood. Process response models developed for pure sand or gravel beaches cannot be directly applied to these beaches. The Canterbury Bight coastline is apparently abundantly supplied with sediments from large rivers and coastal alluvial cliffs, but a large part of this coastline is experiencing long-term erosion. Sediment budget models provide little evidence to suggest sediments are stored within this system. Current sediment budget models inadequately quantify and account for the processes responsible for the patterns of erosion and accretion of this coastline. We outline a new method to extrapolate from laboratory experiments to the field using a geographical information system approach to model sediment reduction susceptibility for the Canterbury Bight. Sediment samples from ten representative sites were tumbled in a concrete mixer for an equivalent distance of 40 km. From the textural mixture and weight loss over 40 km tumbling, we applied regression techniques to generate a predictive equation for Sediment Reduction Susceptibility (SRS). We used Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) to extrapolate the results from fifty-five sites with data on textural sediment composition to field locations with no data along the Canterbury Bight, creating a continuous sediment reductions susceptibility surface. Isolines of regular SRS intervals were then derived from the continuous surface to create a contour map of sediment reductions susceptibility for the Canterbury Bight. Results highlighted the variability in SRS along this coastline.     

多孔喷头射流特性的实验研究

在没有密度分层的容泄水体条件下,对某污水排海工程多孔喷头的射流特性进行了实验研究。文中介绍了不同排污流量和环境流速条件下,多孔喷头附近的流速场和污水场特性;并对出流平均稀释度作了分析。最后,还对该喷头周围的冲淤形态进行了探讨.文中所得的结果对实际排污系统的设计和进一步研究有一定的参考价值。      

Potential Vulnerability Implications of Sea Level Rise for the Coastal Zones of Cochin, Southwest Coast of India

This study presents the results of the impact assessment analysis of the coastal zones of Cochin along the southwest coast of India. The climatological cycle of sea level derived for the region for the period 1939–2003 has shown a range of about 17 cm. From the results obtained on the coastal sedimentary environments, it is found that climate-induced sea level rise scenarios will bring profound effects. It is also revealed that the mean beach slope and relief play a vital role in land loss of the region. The local relief of coastal zone will decrease as sea level rises, thus increasing the percentage of land above mean sea level subjected to episodic inundations. Results of the yearly probability of damages indicated the urgency to upgrade the existing designs of coastal protection structures. A brief characterisation of the issues on infrastructure and uncertainties in policy planning also are attempted.     

典型喀斯特区侵蚀性降雨特征及坡面生物措施水土流失防控效应

降雨类型和生物措施是坡面水土流失的重要影响因素.为研究喀斯特区降雨类型和不同坡面生物措施共同作用下的水土保持效益,以贵州蚂蟥田小流域水土保持监测站2014—2018年5年的径流小区实测数据为基础,分析了112场次的侵蚀性降雨特征,并以降雨量、降雨历时、平均降雨强度为指标对其进行分类.同时,分析了不同侵蚀性降雨类型下6个...     

氮添加对侵蚀退化红壤化学性质及芒萁叶功能性状的影响

蕨类植物芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)是我国南方红壤侵蚀区重要的水土保持植物,但目前氮添加对芒萁叶功能性状及其基部土壤化学性质以及这二者之间关系的影响尚不清楚.以芒萁作为研究对象,采用盆栽实验,设置CK(0 g m-2 a-1)、N1(1.1 g m-2 a-1)、N2(2.3 g m-2 a-...     

基于RUSLE模型的三峡库区腹地土壤侵蚀演变研究

基于RS、GIS技术与RUSLE土壤流失模型相结合的方法分析研究巫山—奉节地区土壤侵蚀时空演变规律,为巫奉两县水土保持措施提供参考依据.研究表明:1)1988—2015年间,研究区土壤侵蚀模数呈现先增后减的变化趋势,2000年侵蚀最为严重,平均侵蚀模数达到4030.99 t/(km2·a).2)三峡库区建设初期和中期土...