秦皇岛市生物能源产业发展的思路与对策

开发利用可再生的生物质能源是未来能源产业发展的主流方向之一。秦皇岛市具有发展生物能源产业的良好基础和有利条件。根据秦皇岛市生物能源资源条件,生物能源产业发展的思路应该是：畜禽粪便沼气商业化开发;农林废弃物、餐饮垃圾和城乡居民生活垃圾能源化开发;能源林、能源作物种植与生物柴油冶炼产业化发展。并通过政府对生物能源产业的组织、规划与引导,建立生物质能源资源管理制度与流通机制和生物能源产业发展的市场化运营机制,制定扶持政策等措施,促进生物能源产业的快速、健康发展。     

应急避难场地“就近布置”规划原则探讨

通过对避难行为、避难需求的相关调查,对现有"就近布置"避难场地的规划原则进行了深入分析和研究,对"近"提出了"时间距离近"和"空间距离近"的两重涵义;在此基础上认为不同类型应急避难场地在布局上对"近"的要求应区别对待;该原则可进一步表述为"服务半径基础之上与人口密度、通达路径相对应,就近布置"。     

For what it's worth: evaluating revealed preferences for green certification

In a case study that examines the outcomes of a flexible information-based policy, we observe how organizations obtain Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certification. We use a regression discontinuity analysis to identify practices used to upgrade certification tiers. This analysis reveals preferences for green certification strategies and, we argue, intimates the perceived motivations for green certification. We distinguish practices that potentially confer private gains through returns to efficiency and productivity investments, from practices that only provide public benefits. Data show that organizations strategically certify to avoid high-cost resource use, appeal to key stakeholders, and communicate building and organization quality. Builders upgrading to the highest tiers are more likely to deploy practices with private gains. Results suggest a willingness to extend short time horizons associated with energy-efficiency investments in exchange for marketing benefits. Our discussion notes the capacity for certifications to mitigate market barriers associated with the energy-efficiency gap.     

Corporate occupational exposure limits: An example of a strategy

Occupational exposure limits (OELs) developed by authorities play a key role in the implementation of programs to protect workers against hazardous chemicals. Unfortunately, many hazardous substances do not have OELs or the OEL could be outdated. To assure the health of the workers, it is therefore useful for companies to develop corporate OELs. An inhouse strategy will be presented hereafter. Expertise in toxicology, industrial hygiene, and occupational health should be available within the company and clear selection criteria for substances are needed. A corporate OEL is only developed for hazardous substances (e.g., carcinogenic or reprotoxic) with a high potential for worker exposure when an appropriate national OEL or threshold limit value is not available. The methodology to calculate corporate OELs is based on the existing methods for national or community OELs and also on the guidance from the European Union's (EU) regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). For carcinogenic substances with a nonthreshold mode of action, there is always a residual chance that a cancer develops even when the exposure of workers is low. To establish an OEL for these substances, the “German traffic light model” is recommended. It is pragmatic, defines an unacceptable, tolerable, and acceptable risk level when workers are exposed to these substances, and determines risk management for exposure reduction. Overall, the professional practice to develop OELs is a good example of corporate leadership to proactively protect the health of workers.     

济宁市生态文明建设的战略构想与对策

推进生态文明建设、建设美丽中国成为社会主旋律.文章从生态资源、生态空间、生态产业、转型发展等方面分析了济宁生态文明建设的优势,从战略顶层设计角度出发,研究提出了生态文明建设的总体要求、生态功能分区定位和实施步骤,针对近期济宁市生态文明建设存在的问题,从体制创新、制度体系、转型升级、考核监督、大气治理、水污染防治、城乡绿化等方面提出了具体的对策建议.     

中国城市空气质量分级管理策略探讨

本文在充分剖析我国现阶段城市环境空气质量及相关管理工作存在的主要问题的基础上,探讨了以改善城市空气质量兼顾城市群效应控制为重点的城市空气质量分级管理策略。研究提出,为适应新的污染特征和形势,国家应针对不同地区、不同污染来源特征、不同污染程度的各类城市实行分类指导和分级管理的思路。     

我国工业废水污染防治的战略、对策与费用效益分析

扼要阐述了当前我国工业废水排放和污染现状,提出了从本世纪末到２０２０年的控制目标和任务,及为达此目标而采取的战略与对策,措施,燕进行了初步的费用效益分析,文章突出强调,我国工业废水的排放量与污染负荷遵循从正增长率－零增长率－负增长率的发展模式;实施以清洁生产为主要内容的生产全过程控制的重要措施以及加强集中处理的规划方案。     

Female choice in the opportunistic mating of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Mahale

For female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, the most common mating pattern is opportunistic. In such opportunistic matings, females copulated promiscuously but not randomly. This study describes female mate choice during 1-year observation of six females who exhibited regular genital-swelling cycles. During the study period, 169 opportunistic matings and four restrictive matings were recorded over the course of 51 days. As female estrus progressed, mating frequency and the number of adult male mating partners increased, although the number of potential mating partners did not change. Criteria of female choice examined were the direction and consent/rejection of courtship, proximity maintenance, and female grooming. Adult-male courtships were successful more often than those of adolescent males. During the earlier phase of estrus, females copulated rather promiscuously with many males. But during the later phase of estrus when the likelihood of conception is expected to be highest, they copulated repeatedly with high-ranking adult males. There was a positive correlation between female grooming frequency and mating frequency when the likelihood of conception was greatest. Female chimpanzees are thought to choose high-ranking males as fathers of their offspring. Moreover, female chimpanzees may adopt one or both of two mating strategies, i.e., a many-male strategy and a best-male strategy. Received: 23 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 12 April 1999 / Accepted: 26 April 1999     

中国沿海地区水资源及生态环境持续利用战略

由于地质和地理条件的特殊性,沿海地区生态环境极其脆弱和敏感。水资源短缺、水环境污染、海水入侵、地面沉降、生态环境退化和海平面上升,已构成我国沿海地区实现可持续发展战略面临的重大资源和环境问题。水资源和生态环境的持续利用,已成为我国沿海地区一项极其重要的战略任务。根据可持续发展理论,通过建立适应水资源持续利用的管理体制、政策和运行机制,采取生态环境可持续保护策略,可完全达到水资源和生态环境的持续利用,并有效实现中国沿海地区资源、环境与经济、社会的有机协调及经济、社会的持续、稳定、健康发展     

基于元胞自动机的极端降雨下地铁疏散模拟*

为研究地铁系统在极端降雨灾害下的人员疏散过程,分析人员疏散过程影响因素和改善方法,将数值模拟方法与模糊逻辑理论相结合,在传统元胞自动机疏散模型中引入人员疏散行为选择机制,模拟地铁隧道遭受洪水侵入以及采取改善措施后的疏散情况。研究结果表明:引入人员疏散行为选择机制可以较真实地模拟极端降雨下受限空间中的人员疏散过程;采取改善方案后,人员被迫改变疏散行为的比例下降53.95%,人群疏散安全度由0.201提升至0.633;当采取与防洪能力不适应的疏散平台高度时,疏散安全度较采取合理设施时平均下降30%且差异较大;硬件设施满足安全度达到0.6为宜,按照最终安全度为1设计疏散方案,可使硬件设施设计与疏散方案制定更加合理配套。研究结果可为地铁系统防洪设计与管理提供参考。