初始瓦斯浓度对爆炸温度影响实验研究*

为探索瓦斯爆炸过程中温度变化规律,基于球形爆炸实验,研究不同初始瓦斯浓度条件下爆炸温度及爆炸温度与爆炸压力之间的相互作用关系。结果表明:随初始瓦斯浓度升高,在6.5%(低浓度)、9.5%(当量浓度)、12%(高浓度)时出现爆炸温度极大值,分别为995,932,1 153 K;爆炸过程中温度延迟时间及升温时间与初始瓦斯浓度曲线均呈U型变化,当初始瓦斯浓度约为9.5%(当量浓度)时,温度延迟时间及升温时间变化较小;当初始瓦斯浓度在爆炸上限浓度（16%）和下限浓度（5%）附近时,受瓦斯浓度影响变化较大;初始瓦斯浓度在9.5%时,瓦斯爆炸过程中的压力波促进火焰燃烧波的反向传播,出现二次升温现象。研究结果可为完善瓦斯爆炸温度变化机理、提高灾害防控技术提供依据。     

冬季条件下曝气生物滤池处理模拟灰水的应用研究

文章采用陶粒滤料为载体,研究了在冬季低温条件下化学混凝-曝气生物滤池工艺对模拟灰水的中试研究。实验结果表明,在冬季水温为3℃-15℃的条件下,初沉处理大大减轻了后续曝气生物滤池的运行负荷的同时也提高了整个工艺的搞冲击能力。当曝气生物滤池水力负荷为3．8m／h时,COD、LAS的去除效率分别在70％、80％以上。NH4-N去除效率受LAS、COD、温度影响较大,整个工况去除效率在15％～75％。NH4-N的去除效率随着COD负荷的增加,其去除效率受到严重的影响。COD的去除负荷率为2．85kg／（m^3滤料·d）升高到5．04kg／（m^3滤料·d）时,NH4-N的去除率则由61％-77％,下降到26％～41％,说明了异养微生物的生长严重抑制了硝化亚硝化细菌的生长。     

Restorating marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goad for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour,Hong Kong,China

Abstract

The paper demonstrates why it is necessary to take the restoration of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for integrated catchment management, in coastal area of the Tolo Harbour. The present goal of integrated catchment management (ICM) in the Tolo Harbour is to meet with Water Quality Objectives. The performance of an ICM plan, Tolo Harbour Action Plan (THAP), is evaluated by using marine coastal ecosystem health indicators including stress indicators and responses indicators. Since the implementation of THAP in 1988, some significant reduction in pollution loading has been observed—reduction of 83% of BOD load and 82% of TN between 1988 and 1999. There has been an improvement in the health state of Tolo Harbour marine coastal ecosystem as evidenced in the trends of the physical, chemical and biological indicators, although some reverse fluctuations in some periods exist. However, this can only be considered as the first sign of the ecosystem health restoration, since ecosystem health covers not only physical, chemical and biological aspects of an ecosystem, but also ecosystem-service-function aspect. It is recommended to take the restoration and protection of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal, instead of water quality objective management, for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour catchment. Steps to further improve the marine coastal ecosystem health of Tolo harbour are discussed in the paper.     

氧气瓶内附油脂充氧过程爆炸分析与计算

分析总结了氧气钢瓶物理爆炸和化学爆炸的原因。针对2009年某市发生的一起氧气瓶内含油脂爆炸事故,系统分析了国内曾经发生的几次因油脂导致气瓶爆炸事故。油脂进入到氧气瓶内大都是由于误操作。油脂与高压纯氧接触会发生剧烈的自燃氧化放热,使瓶内的氧气迅速升温升压,超出气瓶承压极限导致爆炸破裂。分析比较发现由油脂导致的气瓶爆炸,其破坏程度不如混入可燃气体导致的气瓶爆炸剧烈,一般不是粉碎性爆炸。在正常的充氧过程中,氧气瓶温度会升高,采用变质量热力学中的方法,计算说明气瓶在充装过程中氧气温度的具体变化。充氧温度计算为充氧工作人员提供参考,如发现异常情况,可以及时地控制和预防。由现场压力表可知氧气瓶在充装至12MPa时发生爆炸,而氧气瓶最小爆炸压力为37.6MPa,油脂燃烧放热,计算可知致使钢瓶爆炸破裂所需要的最小油脂量,为66.4-79.6g。不同的充装压力下发生爆炸,所需要的最小油脂量不同,充装压力越高,爆炸所需要的最小油脂量越少。     

关于GB18218-2009标准中易燃气体临界量分析

分析了我国重大危险源辨识标准的修订工作及评价方法的研究状况。新标准明确监管对象为危险化学品,并通过设立危险化学品类别及其临界量的方式拓展了监管范围。我国采用的重大危险源评价方法着重关注危险物质的种类和数量,以物质的固有危险性作为评判依据,更符合我国危险化学品现状。利用蒸气云爆炸及沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸两类事故模型对GB18218-2009中临界量的易燃气体可能的致害范围进行模拟分析。研究认为,危险化学品重大危险源的辨识是在物质固有危险性的基础上,综合考虑了事故发生频率、次要危险性、化学反应活性及对环境影响等诸多因素。     

作业条件危险性评价法在深水钻完井作业评价中的应用研究

深水钻完井作业长期暴露于危险环境中,被普遍认为是高危作业。同时深水事故的发生给人类带来深刻的教训,例如墨西哥漏油事件造成恶劣的海洋环境污染,有必要提高钻完井作业的安全性。由于深水钻完井作业复杂,其危险性复杂多样,需从作业单元入手详细分析其危险性。本文采用作业条件危险性评价法（LEC）对深水钻完井作业进行危险性评价。首先,辨识危险有害因素;其次,在对作业条件危险性评价法进行改进的基础上分析深水油气田钻完井作业火灾爆炸危险性。分析结果表明改进后的作业条件危险性评价法能够更准确地确定危险等级,为对深水钻完井作业其它危险因素评价提供了参考。     

PTG测定油脂与高压氧气的反应

介绍说明几起氧气瓶内附油脂充氧过程中爆炸事故。介绍高压氧气与油脂的反应,论述了空压机润滑油燃烧基本特性,采用热重天平进行了空压机润滑油在不同压力的气体氛围内的燃烧试验,建立起空压机润滑油的热重和微商热重曲线,得到空压机润滑油在不同压力的氧气氛围内的自燃点。放入加压热重分析仪内的润滑油,接触高压氧气后迅速被氧化,氧气压力越高,氧化程度越深。随着氧气压力的升高,润滑油的着火点降低。这表明氧气瓶中油脂,随着充氧压力的增加,着火点降低,即压力越大,油脂越容易自燃,释放热量,导致爆炸。提出安全措施。     

火灾与爆炸灾害控制课程建设与教学研究

本文对火灾与爆炸灾害控制课程理论教学内容与手段、实验教学内容、课外实践环节、毕业（设计）论文环节、教学团队建设等方面进行了探讨。以培养卓越一线工程师的基本目标为指导,通过本课程的建设与教学,使学生具备扎实的理论功底。通过完善和增加实验项目,课外科技创新活动和毕业论文（设计）环节,培养学生的实践与创新能力。课程建设过程也是教学团队建设和科研团队建设过程,课堂教学内容的更新督促教师不断阅读最新的研究文献,丰富和更新自己的专业知识;引导成绩优异的本科生,在他们力所能及的范围内参与到教师的科研项目中,双方都受益匪浅。     

Hydrologic and Phosphorus Export Behavior of Small Streams in Commercial Poultry‐Pasture Watersheds1

Romeis, J. Joshua, C. Rhett Jackson, L. Mark Risse, Andrew N. Sharpley, and David E. Radcliffe, 2011. Hydrologic and Phosphorus Export Behavior of Small Streams in Commercial Poultry‐Pasture Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐19. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00521.x Abstract: Few watershed‐scale studies have evaluated phosphorus export in streamflow from commercial poultry‐pasture operations. Continuous streamflow and mixed‐frequency water quality datasets were collected from nine commercial poultry‐pasture (AG) and three forested (FORS) headwater streams (2.4‐44 ha) in the upper Etowah River basin of Georgia to estimate total P (TP) loads and examine variability of hydrologic response and water quality of storm and nonstorm‐flow regimes. Data collection duration ranged from 18 to 22 months, and approximately 1,600 water quality samples were collected. Significant (p < 0.1) inverse relationships were detected between peak flow response variables and both drainage area and fraction of forest cover. Order‐of‐magnitude differences in TP and dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentration were observed between AG and FORS sites and among AG sites. TP yields of FORS sites ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 kg P/ha. Yields of AG sites ranged from 0.031 to 3.17 kg P/ha (median = 0.354 kg P/ha). With 95% confidence intervals, AG yields ranged from 0.025 to 13.1 kg P/ha. These small‐watershed‐scale yields were similar to field‐scale yields measured in other studies in other regions. TP yields were significantly related to area‐weighted Mehlich‐1 soil test P concentrations (p = 0.0073) and base‐flow water sample P concentrations (p ≤ 0.0005). Water quality sampling during base‐flow conditions may be a useful screening tool for P risk‐based management programs.     

玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性研究

为研究玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性,采用哈特曼管式爆炸测试装置和20 L球爆炸测试装置对200目(<75μm)以下的玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸危险性进行评估,基于静电火花和粉尘质量浓度对粉尘爆炸的影响,对玉米淀粉的静电火花最小点火能量、爆炸下限质量浓度、最大爆炸压力和爆炸指数进行了研究,根据试验结果对玉米淀粉爆炸危险性进行分级。试验结果表明:温度在25℃,喷粉压力为0.80 MPa,粉尘质量浓度在250～750 g/m3范围内,粉尘的最小点火能量随着粉尘质量浓度增加而降低,其最小点火能量在40～80 mJ之间;在点火能量为10 kJ时,粉尘爆炸下限质量浓度在50～60 g/m3之间;在粉尘质量浓度为750 g/m3时,爆炸压力达到最大,为0.66 MPa;在粉尘质量浓度为500 g/m3时,爆炸指数达到最大,为17.21 MPa.m/s,其粉尘爆炸危险性分级为Ⅰ级。