THE EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL CIRCULATION ON A SMALL NORTHEASTERN IMPOUNDMENT1

ABSTRACT: Artificial circulation was applied at East Sidney Lake, a small, eutrophic impoundment in New York, to improve the water quality of the reservoir and tailwater. Treatment was successful at both reducing the stability of the reservoir and maintaining higher mean oxygen concentrations in the bottom waters. Discharge waters had lower metals and phosphorus concentrations during treatment years. However, vertical temperature differences, although minimal, were still sufficient to permit chemical stratification and some phosphorus release from the sediments. Frequent mixing events during periods of low stability, and runoff from storm events, also appeared to increase transport of phosphorus into the epilimnion. Overall, treatment did not result in decreases in algal populations or improvements in water clarity.     

Nonpoint Source Loading Rates From Selected Land Uses1

ABSTRACT: Loading rates derived from monitoring natural runoff from selected land uses are compared. Land uses selected for evaluation are construction sites, barnyards, and agriculture (dairying). Runoff volumes, sediment, and nutrient fractions were monitored and expressed as areal loadings for comparison purposes. Sediment yield and total phosphorus (total P) loss was directly proportional to runoff (m³/ha). In decreasing order, the loadings for sediment and total P were as follows: construction site > barnyard > general dairying. Runoff from the barnyard area was approximately 10 times higher in soluble phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen than the other land uses under investigation. Areal loss for nitrate nitrogen was highest from the construction site and was attributed to the higher volume of runoff per unit area. Results show that barnyards in a dairying watershed are potentially a major source of sediment and nutrients, especially those dissolved fractions which have the potential for immediate water quality impacts. Relative to general agricultural land, urban construction sites also appear to be a major source of sediment and nutrients. As with barnyard sites, however, the effect of such sites on water quality likely depends on proximity to surface water bodies and other watershed characteristics affecting delivery ratios of contaminants.     

如何避免蒸汽锅炉爆炸事故的发生

通过锅炉爆炸事故的实例分析，阐述了锅炉在生产、安装、验收、使用、管理等方面必须遵守《锅炉安全技术监察规程》的有关规定，才能消除锅炉爆炸的隐患，确保锅炉的安全运行。     

煤矿瓦斯爆炸主要原因的试验研究

利用长径比为7,横截面积为1m~2,一端开口的7m~3的爆炸试验装置,停放成下斜、水平和上倾状态,模拟一段煤巷道的走向。用和瓦斯气具有相同比重的天然气作为试验的可燃气体,在上述试验装置内进行了一系列爆炸试验。试验结果证明了:煤矿向下倾斜的巷道对瓦斯气的自洁作用可保证不集存大量瓦斯气,是安全的;水平走向的巷道在有合适的通风情况下也是安全的;向上倾斜的巷道有集存瓦斯气的自恶化作用,会造成较强的爆炸。     

碳二馏分加氢反应装置火灾爆炸危险性评价

运用美国道化学公司的火灾爆炸危险指数评价方法 (第七版 ) ,对碳二馏分加氢反应装置的火灾爆炸危险性进行了定量计算和评价 ,其结果表明 ,该装置的火灾爆炸危险等级为“非常大”。为了降低该装置的危险程度 ,笔者提出了采取有效的安全补偿措施 ,以降低单元的危险程度的新思路。通过分析表明 ,针对部分补偿系数对装置进行安全改进 ,能有效地降低其危险性等级 ,同时可以为避免重大危险源火灾爆炸事故 ,提供切实可行的手段和途径。     

爆炸荷载作用下岩石的变形与破坏研究(Ⅱ)

无论是矿山工程、隧道工程中钻孔爆破效率的提高、工程爆破领域爆破振动参数的预测,还是最近一系列高技术常规局部战争中钻地炸弹对地下坚固目标的破坏,在不考虑岩石中强爆炸引起的光子和电磁辐射等极端效应情况下,都亟待要求对岩石中爆炸引起的应力、变形及其它运动参数和破坏效应作出比较准确的评估。目前对此问题的研究尚只能达到大致的机理及景象的定性认识和描述,定量上的确定存在数量级的误差,尤其是爆炸和冲击的近区,误差更大。其原因在于岩石中爆炸产生的变形和破坏特征,不仅与作用时发生相应的物理及力学运动密切相关,而且强烈地受岩石自身构造缺陷水平及其变化的制约。本文概述了爆炸作用下岩石的动力变形与破坏研究之现状。研究中考虑了岩石的构造特点及其对基本力学性状的影响,并简述了其研究的新趋向。     

从加强爆破母线管理预防放炮事故

根据江西宜春市某煤矿因电流短路,电火花引爆矿井瓦斯,致使4人死亡的事实,提出了防止爆破线短路的注意事项和接线方法,以杜绝事故的发生。     

间歇曝气系统中硝酸盐氮负荷对脱氮效率的影响

本试验主要考察间歇反应器缺氧阶段硝酸盐氮负荷ＮＮＯ－ｘ－Ｎ（ＫｇＮＯ－ｘ－Ｎ／ＫｇＭＬＳＳｄ）对脱氮效率的影响。试验结果表明：在一定水温和ＢＯＤ５／ＮＯｘ－Ｎ下,ＮＮＯｘ－Ｎ负荷对脱氮效率有显著影响。在反应器中采用高浓度污泥是降低ＮＮＯｘ－Ｎ的有效途径,有利于反应器脱氮速率ＶＤＮ（ｍｇ／ｌ·ｍｉｎ）的提高。此外,通过正交试验得出了在ＢＯＤ５／ＮＯ－ｘ一定时,ＮＮＯ－ｘ－Ｎ、Ｔ℃与脱氮效率ηＮＯ－ｘ－Ｎ之间的数量关系式     

Eutrophication of Buttermilk Bay,a cape cod coastal embayment: Concentrations of nutrients and watershed nutrient budgets

Nutrient concentrations in Buttermilk Bay, a coastal embayment on the northern end of Buzzards Bay, MA, are higher in the nearshore where salinities are lower. This pattern suggests that freshwater sources may contribute significantly to nutrient inputs into Buttermilk Bay. To evaluate the relative importance of the various sources we estimated inputs of nutrients by each major source into the watershed and into the bay itself. Septic systems contributed about 40% of the nitrogen and phosphorus entering the watershed, with precipitation and fertilizer use adding the remainder. Groundwater transported over 85% of the nitrogen and 75% of the phosphorus entering the bay. Most nutrients entering the watershed failed to reach the bay; uptake by forests, soils, denitrification, and adsorption intercepted two-thirds of the nitrogen and nine-tenths of the phosphorus that entered the watershed. The nutrients that did reach the bay most likely originated from subsoil injections into groundwater by septic tanks, plus some leaching of fertilizers.Buttermilk Bay water has relatively low nutrient concentrations, probably because of uptake of nutrients by macrophytes and because of relatively rapid tidal flushing. Annual budgets of nutrients entering the watershed showed a low nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio of 6, but passage of nutrients through the watershed raised N/P to 23, probably because of adsorption of PO₄ during transit. The N/P ratio of water that leaves the watershed and presumably enters the bay is probably high enough to maintain active growth of nitrogenlimited coastal producers. There is a seasonal shift in N/P in the water column of Buttermilk Bay. N/P exceeded the 161 Redfield ratio during midwinter; the remainder of the year N/P fell below 161. This suggests that annual budgets do not provide sufficiently detailed data with which to interpret nutrient-limitation of producers. Further, some idea of water turnover is also needed to evaluate impact of loading rates. Urbanization of watersheds seems to increase loadings to nearshore environments, and to shift the nutrient loadings delivered to coastal waters to relatively high N-to-P ratios, potentially stimulating growth of nitrogen-limited primary producers.     

The effect of vent ducts on the reduced explosion pressures of vented dust explosions

An investigation into the effects of vent ducts on reduced explosion pressures is described. Experiments were made using an 18.5m³ explosion vessel and a modified 20 1 sphere, with dusts having K_st values ranging from 144 bar ms⁻¹ to 630 bar ms⁻¹. The vent area/vessel volume ratio bursting pressure of the vent cover, and the length to diameter ratio of the vent duct have been varied. Straight vent ducts, and ducts containing sharp 45° and 90° bends have been used.A simple model to describe the effect of vent ducts on the reduced explosion pressure has been derived and compared with the experimental results. Agreement is shown to be satisfactory in nearly all cases. A comparison between the experimental results and guidance on the effect of vent ducts already available in the literature is discussed.