碳中和的缘起、实现路径与关键科学问题：气候变化与可持续城市化

碳中和是我国应对气候变化的新目标,提出以来引起国内外广泛关注。碳中和目标实现是一个复杂系统科学问题,涉及大气圈、岩石圈、水圈、生物圈、人类圈等多圈层耦合过程与作用机制,需要跨学科交叉、综合与协同研究。简要梳理碳中和提出的气候变化和温控目标缘起,归纳碳中和实现的碳源、碳汇的多元路径,强调从碳源的需求侧推动可持续城市化对于碳中和目标实现的重要作用,并且可能是成本低、潜力大、更直接有效的方案途径。提出适应与减缓气候变化下碳中和与可持续城市化研究领域8个方面的科学问题：气候变化—碳中和—可持续城市化关联关系、中国及各地区碳中和实现的路线图与时间表、城市区域尺度碳排放的精准核算、绿色生活方式与低碳社会、绿色生产方式与低碳经济、能源结构优化、风险与不确定性和碳中和长效机制的治理创新等,以及该领域当前研究面临的机遇和挑战。     

Expression and functional analysis of three nicosulfuron-degrading enzymes from Bacillus subtilis YB1

To investigate the degradation activity of the manganese ABC transporter, vegetative catalase 1 and acetoin dehydrogenase E1 from Bacillus subtilis YB1, the proteins were prokaryotically expressed and purified. Assay results showed that the three enzymes were able to degrade nicosulfuron (2- (4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine-2-pyrimidinylcarbamoylaminosulfonyl) -N,N-dimethylnicotinamide), with vegetative catalase 1 exhibiting the highest activity. To further examine the degradation pathway, the degradation products of the three enzymes and the YB1 strain were detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS). The nicosulfuron degradation products of the three enzymes were consistent with those of the YB1 strain, indicating the presence of two pathways: one due to cleavage of sulfonylurea bridges and ring-opening of 1-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-3-(2-methyliminomethanesulfonyl-acetyl)-ureaas the pyrimidine ring, yielding the product; and the another due to cleavage of a sulfonylurea bridge, yielding 4,6-dihydroxy pyrimidine (111 m/z), 2-ylamine ?4,6-dimethoxy pyrimidine and ((4-(dimethycarbamoyl)pyridine-2-yl)sulfonyl)carbamic acid as products, which were further degraded to 4,6-dihydroxy pyrimidine and N,N-dimethyl-2-sulfamoyl-isonicotinamide. The above results reveal a major contribution of extracellular enzymes to the degradation of nicosulfuron by the YB1 strain. Our data help in elucidation of the mechanism of nicosulfuron bio-degradation and may facilitate the construction of engineered strains.     

烯酮还原酶基因的克隆与优化表达

烯酮/酯还原酶可以专一性地还原烯酮/酯中的碳碳双键,并引入两个手性中心,是手性化合物生物催化合成的重要酶类之一;在使用烯酮/酯还原酶进行全细胞手性分子生物催化合成中,其他还原酶的存在常导致副反应的产生.为研究烯酮/酯还原酶的理化性质、底物的专一性、产物的手性特点等,需要经过纯化的烯酮/酯还原酶.为此,根据烯酮还原酶(Enoate reductase,ERs,EC 1.3.1.31)的基因序列设计引物,以丙酮丁醇梭菌(Clostridium acetobutylicum)ATCC824基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增技术得到了目标酶的基因,目的片段全长为1 995 bp,共编码664个氨基酸,相对分子质量为73×103.将烯酮还原酶基因连接到pET-32a(+)上,构建表达质粒pET-32a(+)-ERs,并成功在Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3)pLysS中表达.在摇床上优化的表达条件为:诱导温度为18℃,诱导起始时菌体D600 nm为0.6～0.8,转速为100 r/min,诱导剂IPTG浓度为0.1 mmol/L,诱导培养时间为12 h,表达的烯酮还原酶大部分以可溶性形式存在于菌体内.     

聚类GO术语在基因表达差异研究中的应用

针对基因功能分类体系基因本体(Gene Ontology,GO)特殊的有向无环图特点,改进传统的用单个GO术语检测基因差异表达信号的缺陷,设计出"聚类GO术语提升差异表达检测(ScaGO)"算法.通过简单的输入对照和实验组表达谱上的全部基因表达信号,来研究一些比较新的差异表达功能组,有助于进一步解释基因差异表达的生物学意义,如疾病发病机制、药物作用机理等.将ScaGO和基于单GO术语差异分析法应用到急性淋巴细胞性白血病数据集和酵母Rap1 DNA绑定突变体差异表达数据集上,结果显示,ScaGO能比基于单GO术语差异分析法发现一些新的与差异表达相关联的功能类基因,对于指导实验具有积极意义.图1表3参21     

植物NAC转录因子的种类、特征及功能

综述了NAC转录因子的发现及其家族成员、结构特点和生物学功能.NAC类蛋白是近年来发现的一类植物特有、数量众多的转录因子家族,其成员广泛分布于陆生植物中.NAC家族成员的N端具有一个保守的约150个氨基酸组成的NAC结构域,含有A、B、C、D、E 5个亚结构域,C端具有一个高度变异的转录激活区.分析表明,NAC蛋白结构与其功能密切相关.NAC转录因子具有诸多方面的功能,如参与植物次生生长,在细胞分裂和植株衰老中发挥作用,参与激素调控和信号转导,参与矿质元素营养和农作物品质改良等.同时,NACs还参与生物胁迫中植物的防御反应以及在非生物逆境中发挥作用.目前对NAC基因的研究主要集中于模式植物拟南芥和水稻,对于NAC蛋白涉及的调控途径及其组成因子知之甚少,因此NAC基因的功能还有待深入研究;同时,利用基因工程手段导入或改良关键的NAC转录因子,使作物综合品质的提高已成为可能.图2表2参87     

甘蔗蔗糖磷酸合成酶SPSⅡ cDNA片段克隆与表达分析

蔗糖磷酸合成酶(Sucrose phosphate synthase,SPS)是蔗糖合成途径的关键限速酶,在蔗糖积累和碳分配中具有重要作用.在茎组织中SPSⅡ表达量占SPS转录总量的40%,表明SPSⅡ cDNA的克隆与表达对蔗茎中蔗糖的积累有着重要的影响.通过RT-PCR技术克隆分离SPSⅡ基因cDNA片段.序列分析表明该cDNA片段包含1个3 183 bp的开放读码框,可编码1 060个氨基酸.GenBank登录号为EU269038.通过实时荧光定量PCR检测SPSⅡ基因在甘蔗糖分积累的不同时期、不同组织部位的相对表达量.结果表明,在糖分积累初期蔗茎中的SPSⅡ相对表达量最大,在糖分积累中期蔗叶中的SPSⅡ相对表达量达到最高峰;同组织部位中,糖分积累初期SPSⅡ相对表达量高于糖分积累中期、后期.图6参11     

Measurements,Theories and Simulations of Particle Deposits on Super-Heater Tubes in a CFB Biomass Boiler

The present investigation involves theories, simulations and experiments on deposit layers on super-heater tubes in a circulating fluidised bed in Västerås in Sweden. Simulation of particle trajectories in the vicinity of two super-heater tubes is conducted in a Eulerian-Lagrangian mode for the flue gas and the ash particles from the combustion process. Particle impingements on the tubes are investigated for different particle sizes. Measurements of the buildup of deposit layers in the super-heater environment are conducted using a deposit probe. Deposit layer growth and growth rate is analysed for different probe temperatures, as well as the aspect of sintering on the probe ring surface. Analysis of the probe deposit material and deposits from the super-heaters and from textile filters are chemically analysed. The temperature dependence of the deposit materials viscosity is predicted from the chemical analysis of the samples. A model is included to simulate the effect of the deposit layer thickness on the tube heat exchange. The results from the particle trajectory simulations show that particle larger than 10 mm will mainly impinge on the front of the first tube and that smaller particles are more dispersed due to turbulence and thermophorectic forces, enabling a more even impingement on the whole surface of the tubes. The probe deposit layer growth measurements show significant temperature dependence. The deposit material sintering and distribution is proven to be dependent on; temperature, particle size and exposure time. The stickiness of the deposit material is shown to be dependent on the SiO₂ and alkali relation in the samples, estimated through a viscosity model.     

Influence of Inversion Layers on the Distribution of Air Pollutants in Urban Areas

The air quality in urban areas is on the one hand determined by the intensity of emissions. On the other hand atmospheric dispersion and chemical transformation conditions as well as topographic location have great influence on the ambient air concentrations. Within, this study the correlation between pollutant concentrations and the dynamics of atmospheric barrier and mixing layers has been experimentally investigated by tethered balloon soundings.The most important barrier layer is the surface inversion. During clear sky it develops in the late afternoon and is dissolved by warm air from the heated ground in the morning. Emitted pollutants are kept beneath this inversion. But, at the same time, the component ozone is depleted below and stored above the layer within the so called `ozone reservoir layer'. During night elevated mountain sites are decoupled from the ground conditions and stay within this reservoir without a remarkable nocturnal decrease of ozone concentration. The regularly observed ground level ozone increase in the morning hours is firstly caused by down mixing from the reservoir. The conditions and dynamics are illustratively depicted by vertical profiles of the different components and diagrams of temperature and concentration isopleths over the height and the experiment time lasting over five days.