二十多年来中国近代灾荒史研究综述

自20世纪80年代以来,中国近代灾荒史被学者们逐渐熟悉并加以研究,二十多年来也取得了非常多的研究成果。本文将对中国近代灾荒史的研究现状作以陈述,对这些研究成果分别从整体性研究、区域性研究、扩展性研究三个方面作了学术回顾。     

Archetypes of famine and response

Famines have long been characterised by rapidly shifting dynamics: sudden price spirals, sharp increases in mortality, the media frenzy that often accompanies such spikes, the swift scaling up of aid flows, and a subsequent decline in interest. In arguing that these aspects of famine have been largely ignored in recent years due to attention to the famine process', this paper attempts to make these dynamics more explicit by applying systems thinking. It uses standard archetypes of systems thinking to explain six situations—watch, price spiral, aid magnet, media frenzy, overshoot, and peaks—that are present in many famine contexts. It illustrates their application with examples from crises in Ethiopia, Malawi, Niger, and Sudan. The paper contends that the systems approach offers a tool for analysing the larger patterns in famines and for pinpointing the most appropriate responses to them, based on an awareness of the dynamics of the crises.     

利用MM5模式对河西暴雪的数值模拟分析

利用NCEP资料和MM5模式模拟分析了2005年3月14-15日出现在甘肃河西西部的一次暴雪天气过程.结果表明:这次暴雪天气过程产生在从低空到高空的急流轴附近;由于600～500 hPa的辐合,促使形成近地面上升运动,从而使地面形成低压系统;相对湿度最大值在750～450 hPa之间,与辐合层基本一致,表明600 hPa附近有一条水汽输送通道,它与高空急流、500 hPa正涡度层、上升运动区等相吻合,为暴雪的产生提供了动力、热力和水汽条件.MM5模式很好地模拟出了暴雪的大致区域,显示了对这种中尺度天气系统具有较好的预报效果.     

An integrated approach for the benchmarking of production facilities’ environmental performance: data envelopment analysis and life cycle assessment

Environmental impacts have become an important consideration in the manufacturing industry due to increasing public pressure for environment protection and the requirements of recently launched legislations. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a widely adopted methodological approach for the benchmarking of the relative efficiency of different production units. Changes in production efficiency may affect environmental impacts. DEA can be used for identifying the most efficient production facility and hence, the environmental impacts generated from the different production lines can then be benchmarked. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is carried out to quantify the full environmental impacts of a product from ‘cradle to grave’. The integration of LCA with DEA, efficiency and environmental impact of different production processes for a certain family of products can be evaluated and benchmarked. The proposed two-stage approach can help to reduce the aggregate environmental impacts of the manufacturing phase and is used to benchmark the environmental performance of several production lines in a manufacturing company.     

An ergonomics study on wrist posture when using laparoscopic tools in four techniques in minimally invasive surgery

Purpose. With reference to four minimally invasive surgery (MIS) cholecystectomies, the aims were (a) to recognize the factors influencing dominant wrist postures manifested by the surgeon; (b) to detect risk factors involved in maintaining deviated wrist postures; (c) to compare the wrist postures of surgeons while using laparoscopic tools. Methods. Video films were recorded during live surgeries. The films were synchronized with wrist joint angles obtained from wireless electrogoniometers placed on the surgeon's hand. The analysis was conducted for five laparoscopic tools used during all surgical techniques. Results. The most common wrist posture was extension. In the case of one laparoscopic tool, the mean values defining extended wrist posture were distinct in all four surgical techniques. For one type of surgical technique, considered the most beneficial for patients, more extreme postures were noticed regarding all laparoscopic tools. We recognized a new factor, apart from the tool's handle design, that influences extreme and deviated wrist postures. It involves three areas of task specification including the type of action, type of motion patterns and motion dynamism. Conclusions. The outcomes proved that the surgical technique which is best for the patient imposes the greatest strain on the surgeon's wrist.?     

Estimating the background air concentration excluding the contribution of an individual source

This paper presents two simple methods for the estimation of the instantaneous background air pollution level in a study area around an emitting point source. The methods allow estimation of concentrations non-inclusive of the contribution of the local emitting source. Hourly records of several monitoring stations located around the point source and results of the diagnostic Lagrangian particle dispersion model LADISMO are used in the calculations. A hypothetical case study is used to demonstrate the application of the two methods. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测锌的研究

研究了石墨炉原子吸收法在锌的次灵敏特征谱线测定锌的方法 ,并与火焰原子吸收法做比较。     

干侵入对"0310"暴雨形成过程的影响

通过位涡、相对湿度与相当位温关系的讨论并结合2003年10月10-12日河北深秋时节在冀中南部发生的特大暴雨,分析了倾斜涡度发展理论.发现此次暴雨过程中存在干侵入现象,且干侵入的发生、发展对暴雨过程具有重要影响;干侵入沿相当位温高值脊向对流层低层伸展,引起对流层低层气旋性涡度的发展,使降水强度加剧.干侵入是暴雨形成的一种重要机制.     

Development and Application of Software Tools for Monitoring, Assessment and Reporting of Data Concerning the Operation of Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants in Cyprus

This work focuses on the development and application of appropriate software tools for recording, assessing and reporting data related to the operation of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants (UWTPs) in Cyprus. An appropriate Internet-Based Management System was designed, developed and installed at the premises of the UWTPs and of the Cypriot Competent Authority (Water Development Department — WDD) in order to coordinate and disseminate tasks and related information for monitoring the operation of UWTPs. In addition, a client Geographical Information System database was compiled to be used for obtaining and analyzing spatial information. The software tools are based on common procedures and state-of-the-art technology for the recording and transmission of data and information and they provide an integrated view related to the operation and the efficiency of wastewater treatment systems. Moreover, continuous control and systematic monitoring of the UWTPs by the operators as well as continuous and direct supervision of the UWTPs environmental performance is achieved by the personnel of the Competent Authority. Furthermore, direct and unobstructed provision of data to the Competent Authority of Cyprus is accomplished by the operators of the UWTPs, while the Competent Authority is supported to compose full and representative reports to the European Commission and other International Organizations. The developed tools enable the direct recording of data obtained through measurements and analyses, permit the comparison of data with existing legislation and provide an integrated picture of the operation of the wastewater treatment plants as well as the option to focus and assess each individual treatment stage.     

中国应急产业政策目标、工具、力度的三维分析——基于2002年以来政策文本的量化研究

应急产品与服务的准公共物品属性带来的应急产业市场失灵以及由此导致应急保障需求供给系统失灵是政府制定应急产业政策、进行应急产业干预的重要原因。对产业政策文本进行科学分析，有助于科学合理制定应急产业政策,有效解决失灵问题；通过构建政策目标、工具和力度三维分析框架，从7个一级测量维度,38个二级指标对应急产业政策进行3个维度交叉分析。研究结果表明:在政策目标上需加强应急人才及应急服务等“软实力”的发掘、利用和激励；在政策措施上需通过顶层设计来改善政策工具的不均衡和系统性缺乏等问题，加强诱导和激励工具的投入；针对各层级政策效力分布呈现出的干预适度性不够的问题，提出进一步完善产业发展的法律保障、奖惩机制。