黄河下游滩区开封段土壤重金属分布特征及其潜在风险评价

按照土壤采样规范,对开封段黄河滩区及滩外土壤采样,表层0～20 cm样品48个,垂直剖面采样100 cm,2个;并按照土壤化学分析方法,对Pb、Cr、Hg、As和Cd这5种重金属进行分析;最后,按照国家土壤一级标准,采用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数和Hkanson潜在生态危害指数法对开封市黄河滩区土壤重金属分布特征、污染状况和潜在生态危害进行了分析.结果表明:①开封市黄河滩区土壤Pb、Cr、Hg、As和Cd这5种重金属含量就平均值而言,Cr的平均含量最大,Pb、Hg的平均含量最小.除Hg之外,其它重金属元素的变异系数均较小,说明重金属Hg存在较大差异;滩区土壤的主要污染元素为Hg、As、Pb,其中Pb的污染为普遍性污染.Cr和Cd在各村间变化不大,且含量均在国家一级标准(自然保护区)以下.②土壤各重金属元素的空间分布特征研究区内上下段之间分异明显,上段呈清洁状态,中段有少量污染,下段表现出明显富集的分布状态;③以黄河大堤为界,滩区内外重金属分异与居民点分布密切相关,在滩区上段(西南部)居民集中,土壤各重金属浓度较高,表现为沿河区<大堤外,中下游段(滩区东北部)重金属含量大于大堤外土地,下游段东北趋向于污染富集.④以重金属平均单项潜在生态风险指数(Eri)评价表明,开封市黄河滩区土壤Hg的潜在生态风险达到强烈水平,Pb在重金属综合潜在生态风险的贡献率高达50.5%,是最主要的生态风险重金属,各个重金属的污染程度为Hg>Pb>As>Cd>Cr.⑤各重金属生态危害的次序为Hg>Cd>As>Pb>Cr.由RI值对应的潜在生态风险等级可知,开封市黄河滩区土壤存在中等级别重金属潜在生态危害.     

氮氟掺杂二氧化钛(N,F-TiO2)的制备及可见光催化活性的研究

以氨水为氮源,氢氟酸为氟源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了氮氟掺杂二氧化钛(N,F-TiO2)光催化剂,并通过X-射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)技术对其晶型和形态进行表征.最后以酸性红B为模型污染物,探讨了N和F加入量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间、照射时间、催化剂用量、溶液初始浓度和照射功率等因素对N,F-TiO2可见光催化活性的影响.结果表明,制备的N,F-TiO2以锐钛型为主,N和F的掺杂对TiO2的晶相没有明显改变,但可以扩大TiO2的可见光响应范围.当N和F的加入量均为2.0%,且在500℃下焙烧40 min时,得到的N,F-TiO2的可见光催化活性明显高于单N或单F掺杂的TiO2(N-TiO2或F-TiO2).对于50 mL浓度为10.0 mg·L-1的酸性红B溶液,当催化剂加入量为1.5 g·L-1,128W光照3.0 h,溶液pH=5.6时,去除率为85.40%.适当延长光照时间至4.0 h,降解率几乎可达100%.另外,研究还证明了N,F-TiO2催化可见光降解过程中有.OH自由基生成.     

活性污泥TB-EPS的絮凝特性研究:絮体的成长、破碎与再凝聚

为了解活性污泥中紧密结合胞外聚合物(tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances,TB-EPS)的絮凝特性,采用激光粒度仪在线监测技术考察了TB-EPS与高岭土生成絮体的过程以及絮体的破碎与再凝聚规律.结果表明,TB-EPS的主要组分为蛋白质和多糖聚合物,增加TB-EPS的投加量,絮体的粒径相应增大,悬浊液的剩余浊度降低.随着絮体破碎-再凝聚次数的增加,絮体的破碎因子升高而恢复因子降低,表明TB-EPS形成的絮体的强度逐渐降低,同时再凝聚的能力也逐渐降低.TB-EPS吸附高岭土的主要作用力为氢键作用,但在絮体形成过程中多糖聚合物之间的纠缠作用和蛋白质成分之间的疏水作用也可能发挥一定的作用.絮体的破碎是侵蚀和破裂同时作用的结果.     

太湖春季和秋季蓝藻光合作用活性研究

采用Phyto-PAM浮游植物分析仪测定太湖蓝藻光合作用活性的时空间分布.结果表明,太湖蓝藻光合活性具有显著的时空差异:春季蓝藻的最大光量子产量F_v/F_m (可变荧光和最大荧光之比)和实际光量子产量F_v'/F_m'分别在0.35~0.49和0.16~0.29之间,秋季蓝藻分别在 0.33~0.53和0.21~0.43之间,太湖秋季蓝藻的最大光合作用能力和实际光合作用能力大于春季蓝藻.春季和秋季蓝藻的非光化学淬灭NPQ(non-photochemical quenching)分别在0.012~0.17和0.035~0.26之间,秋季蓝藻的NPQ高于春季蓝藻,说明秋季蓝藻的自我保护能力高于春季蓝藻.快速光响应曲线(Rapid light curve, RLC)的特征参数表明春季蓝藻的光能利用效率、最大电子传递速率和光饱和强度点高于秋季蓝藻;从空间分布来看,蓝藻的最大光合作用能力、实际光合作用能力和光合作用效率在营养水平低和有水草分布的湖区相对较低,富营养化水平高的湖区则相对较高.因此,降低太湖营养盐浓度,恢复水生植物,能够抑制蓝藻的光合作用活性和生长,从而降低蓝藻水华强度.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.     

LNAPLs污染物在层状非均质多孔介质中的运移试验研究

文章通过室内试验研究层状非均质多孔介质中轻非水相液体(Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid,LNAPL)的运移机制与分布特性。首先,在二维砂槽上进行LNAPL的入渗试验,试验过程中用数码相机进行拍照,把LANPL的扩散过程以图像的形式记录下来;然后,用AutoCAD对图片进行分析处理,得出不同时刻LNAPL的入渗锋面变化图。结果发现,介质结构突变面改变了LNAPL的迁移模式。在LNAPL由中砂进入细砂层后,由于受到毛细作用的增强,其运移速度加快;而由中砂进入粗砂,受粗砂介质阻滞作用增强的影响,LNAPL运移速度变小。当LNAPL由干砂进入湿润砂体时,由于孔隙水浮托力增大,LNAPL先产生纵向运移,随后以横向迁移的形式在地下水位上部聚积。当达到一定厚度后,LNAPL的压头足以克服浮托力,驱替孔隙水进入砂土孔隙。另外,LNAPL的厚度足够大时,方可克服饱水层受到的浮托力,在地下水位上形成LNAPL池,并因孔隙水向周围砂体排泄,LNAPL池周围的水位上升。     

磁性多孔陶粒生物膜反应器处理焦化废水的试验研究

以磁性材料为原料,经过特定的工艺处理,对多孔陶瓷进行磁化改性获得磁性多孔载体,并将该载体应用于生物膜反应器中进行焦化废水处理试验。对不同类型的多孔陶粒载体进行对比试验,结果表明:磁性载体生物膜反应器对COD、NH3-N的去除率比普通活性污泥法高出25%³0%,比非载体生物膜反应器高出15%30%,比非载体生物膜反应器高出15%²0%左右。反应器的曝气量为1.5 L/h,曝气时间为10 h/d,温度为2520%左右。反应器的曝气量为1.5 L/h,曝气时间为10 h/d,温度为25³0℃。焦化废水经磁性载体生物膜反应器处理后,上清液中COD,NH3-N的去除率均在90%左右。出水浓度达到国家工业废水排放二级标准(GB18918-2002)。     

浅析化工园区大气特征因子自动监测综合分析

从总体状况评价、浓度变化特征、疑似源探寻等角度初步分析了某化工园区大气特征因子自动监测数据。分析表明,合理选用不同水平的数据集可以突出大气特征因子的规律性,尤其是疑似源探寻;采用现场检查等手段与自动监测的相互校核十分必要,特别是便携式气相色谱质谱仪对特征因子自动监测系统“假阳性”识别。     

北京市区春夏PM2.5和PM10浓度变化特征研究

通过对北京市2012年3月～6月PM2.5和PM10实时数据的整理和分析,结果表明,北京市区大气中细颗粒物PM2.5和可吸入颗粒物PM10浓度日变化趋势基本相同,PM2.5和PM10存在显著或极显著的正相关关系;3月～6月,PM2.5浓度随季节变化逐渐升高,PM10的浓度随季节变化先升高后减小;3月～6月PM2.5与PM10日平均浓度分别为62.77μg/m3和133.88μg/m3,分别为国家二级标准的83.69%和89.25%。