Characteristics of large cooking oil pool fires and their extinguishment by water mist

Large cooking oil pool fires, occurring in industrial oil cookers, present a severe hazard to food processing plants due to their size and the large amount of hot oil involved. This paper reports a series of full-scale fire experiments conducted in a large industrial oil cooker mock-up. The characteristics of large cooking oil pool fires and the effect of oil depth and hood position in the oil cooker on fire growth were studied. The use of water mist for extinguishing large oil pool fires and their extinguishing performance under different discharge pressure and with different types of water mist systems were investigated. Experimental results showed that the cooking oil underwent a substantial expansion in volume during heating. The fires developed quickly once the oil auto-ignited. The fire growth rate was affected by the oil depth in the pan and the hood position in the oil cooker. The water mist fire suppression systems effectively extinguished large cooking oil fires and prevented them from re-igniting. Their extinguishing performance was determined by the type of water mist system, discharge pressure and hood position in the oil cooker.     

On the response of 500 gal propane tanks to a 25% engulfing fire

This paper presents detailed data on the thermal response of two 500 gal ASME code propane tanks that were 25% engulfed in a hydrocarbon fire. These tests were done as part of an overall test programme to study thermal protection systems for propane-filled railway tank-cars.

The fire was generated using an array of 25 liquid propane-fuelled burners. This provided a luminous fire that engulfed 25% of the tank surface on one side. The intent of these tests was to model a severe partially engulfing fire situation.

The paper presents data on the tank wall and lading temperatures and tank internal pressure. In the first test the wind reduced the fire heating and resulted in a late failure of the tank at 46 min. This tank failed catastrophically with a powerful boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE). In the other test, the fire heating was very severe and steady and this tank failed very quickly in 8 min as a finite rupture with massive two-phase jet release. The reasons for these different outcomes are discussed. The different failures provide a range of realistic outcomes for the subject tank and fire condition.     

On the thermal rupture of 1.9 m propane pressure vessels with defects in their thermal protection system

This paper describes the results from a series of fire tests that were carried out to measure the effect of defects in thermal protection systems on fire engulfed propane pressure vessels.

In North America thermal protection is used to protect dangerous goods rail tank-cars from accidental fire impingement. They are designed so that a tank-car will not rupture for 100 min in a defined engulfing fire, or 30 min in a defined torching fire. One common system includes a 13 mm blanket of high-temperature ceramic fibre thermal insulation covered with a 3 mm steel jacket. Recent inspections have shown that some tanks have significant defects in these thermal protection systems. This work was done to establish what levels of defect are acceptable from a safety standpoint.

The tests were conducted using 1890 l (500 US gallon) ASME code propane pressure vessels (commonly called tanks in the propane industry). The defects tested covered 8% and 15% of the tank surface. The tanks were 25% engulfed in a fire that simulated a hydrocarbon pool fire with an effective blackbody temperature of 870 °C.

The fire testing showed that even relatively small defects can result in tank rupture if the defect area is engulfed in a severe fire, and the defect area is not wetted by liquid from the inside. A wall failure prediction technique based on uniaxial high-temperature stress rupture test data has been developed and agrees well with the observed failure times.     

对高层建筑临时高压消防给水系统若干规定的探讨

高层建筑的消防设计审核是消防执法中的重要环节.以规范为指导,根据我国国情和具体工程设计情况,对高层建筑临时高压消防水系统中有关消防水泵房的出水管的布置、高位消防水箱的容积以及增压设施的设置几方面的规定进行了探讨.     

高层建筑火灾中安全疏散的评价分析

由于高层建筑的迅猛发展,高层建筑的火灾防范和安全疏散成为一个重要的研究课题。笔者阐述高层建筑的火灾特点,以及人员安全疏散的安全评价在消防中的重要作用;综述火灾危险分析的方法;介绍几种可以用于安全疏散的评价方法,并结合各种评价方法的优缺点进行了比较。根据实际情况,选择了模糊综合评价法对某一高层建筑作了简单的算例,从其结果中可以看出:疏散楼梯、防排烟和通风空调系统及事故疏散标志、通信设备存在一些问题,需要整改,以确保人员疏散的安全性;制定相应的应急预案,调整人员疏散策略,确保火灾中人员安全、及时、迅速撤离火灾现场,至安全区域。     

BP神经网络技术在交通工具火灾预警中的应用

通过对交通工具火灾成因机理以及现有典型交通工具火灾实例的分析研究,建立了预警评价指标体系。根据非线性理论和模式识别原理以及交通工具火灾的特点,采用基于BP神经网络的智能灾害诊断方法,对交通工具火灾发生的可能性和危险性进行评估和预测。研究表明:BP神经网络方法是解决非线性系统问题的一种有效方法,与传统的预警方法相比,该方法具有速度快、效率高、可信度好、自学能力强等特点。采用BP网络进行交通工具火灾预警时,只需输入影响交通工具火灾发生的相关指标因素,网络便可在较短的时间内得出可靠的预警结果。     

基于神经网络和遗传算法的城市火灾风险评价模型

以消防安全工程学与系统安全工程理论为基础,结合我国城市发展特征及消防安全管理状况,建立了城市区域火灾风险评价指标体系;针对神经网络易陷入局部极小而引起评价指标权值分布不合理的缺陷,提出了基于神经网络和遗传算法的城市火灾风险评价模型,该模型以火灾发生的可能性以及灾后的严重程度为输入单元,火灾风险等级为输出单元,采用误差反算法训练BP网络,最终得出火灾风险等级范围,有效地解决了城市火灾的动态性和非线性特征;研究实例证明了该模型的有效性,可为城市的消防安全管理提供确实可行的参考依据。     

液化石油气罐区火灾爆炸危险性评价

液化石油气罐区属于重大危险源,一旦发生火灾爆炸事故,后果非常严重.评价其安全性,控制其危险,是重大事故预防的思想,也是国家安全生产法律、法规的强制要求.笔者根据安全工程学的相关原理,综合运用重大危险源评价法和灰色聚类法分别对罐区的固有危险性和现实危险性进行了评价,克服了重大危险性评价法未考虑环境因素这一缺陷,最后得出了其火灾爆炸危险性等级,为政府监管和企业对危险源的监控管理提供了可行的科学依据.     

油罐清洗作业火灾预防措施

油罐清洗是石油化工行业一项基本的业务活动.目前大型原油储罐、成品油储罐正在逐步推广应用自动机械清洗系统进行清罐作业,而对于容量小、沉积物较少的油罐国内仍然采用人工清洗方式进行.本文分析了油罐人工清洗作业过程中容易引发火灾的原因的基础上,从严格执行规章制度、处理好清洗废物,控制和消除引火源等几方面相应提出了预防火灾措施.     

温度分层环境下火灾烟气羽流上升高度公式分析

对小尺度空间温度分层环境下柴油有焰火及棉绳阴燃火烟气运动进行了实验和数值模拟.结果表明,在分层环境下,烟气与环境空气温度差造成的浮力在某一高度消失并转为负值,致使烟气停止上升而向横向扩展.Morton积分公式低估了烟气羽流上升的最大高度,且在相同出口条件及分层环境下,柴油烟雾比棉绳烟雾下降趋势快,上升高度小,其原因在于积分公式中自相似卷吸及烟气为空气假设.引入烟气密度修正系数和自相似修正系数,对Morton公式进行了修正和讨论.