滇池沉积物内源氮释放风险及控制分区

采用淹水培养法测定了滇池20cm沉积物可释放态氮(EN)、潜在可释放态氮(MN)及稳定态氮(FN)含量,并分析了其空间分布特征,结合沉积物定年数据计算了不同形态氮蓄积量.依据沉积物-水界面氮释放通量、EN蓄积量及MN蓄积量对滇池沉积物内源氮污染状况进行分区,评估了不同区域滇池沉积物内源氮释放风险,并对不同分区提出了污染控制措施.结果表明,滇池沉积物内源氮释放风险:外海南部 >外海北部 >外海中部 >草海,潜在释放风险:外海南部 >外海中部 >草海 >外海北部;滇池沉积物氮污染有由北向南转移趋势;滇池全湖20cm沉积物蓄积TN5757.90t,EN637.72t,MN1320.76t,FN3799.42t.根据沉积物氮污染滇池可划分为高污染区、中度污染区、低污染区及安全区,分别占全湖面积的13.51%、15.02%、46.06%、25.42%,其中高污染区主要分布在草海、外海北部盘龙江附近;中度污染区主要分布在高污染区以下从宝象河到观音山区域及滇池出水口海口等区域;低污染区主要分布在中度污染区以下从广谱大沟到整个外海南部区域.高污染区可采取底泥环保疏浚技术,中度污染区可采取安全生态性高的原位控制技术,低污染区可采取覆盖技术,配合水生植被修复技术.     

基于粗糙集Skowron差别矩阵的矿井火灾风险评价指标约简

在安全评价过程中,当构建的指标体系过于庞大,数据繁琐,不利于进行安全评价工作。为了对矿井火灾风险评价指标体系进行快速简化,基于粗糙集理论属性约简功能,采用理论与实例分析相结合的方法,利用Skowron差别矩阵算法对矿井火灾风险评价决策表进行属性约简。研究表明:通过约简,矿井火灾风险评价指标由原来的16个缩减为6个,大大减少了后续评价过程中权重确定的计算量,降低了评价的复杂程度,减少了评估工作量。同时约简结果也为矿井火灾防治工作提供了一些指导意见,体现了差别矩阵在决策表的属性约简中的高效性。     

集对分析在区域大气环境风险评价中的应用研究

应用集对分析法对事故状态下有毒有害气体环境风险分布建立数学模型,通过南京化工园区的实例分析,把评价区域大气环境风险划分为5个等级,并对差异不确定系数i取值进行讨论,以反映不同状态下的大气环境风险分布水平.研究结果显示,i₁=0.5,i₂=-0.5取值方法简便,且此时的区域大气环境风险状态相对符合实际,可为优化土地利用规划和完善环境风险防控措施提供依据.     

石油炼化无组织VOCs的排放特征及臭氧生成潜力分析

选取我国光化学活跃的珠江三角洲地区(PRD)典型石油炼化工艺的炼油装置、化工装置和污水处理装置,采用离线和在线的多种先进仪器监测其VOCs的无组织排放特征,并采用间、对-二甲苯/苯(X/B)、甲苯/苯(T/B)、乙苯/苯(E/B)比值分析其VOCs的老化特征,采用最大增量反应活性法(MIR)、等效丙烯浓度法和OH自由基反应速率法(L_OH)3种方法综合评价其VOCs的化学反应活性及臭氧生成潜势(OFP).研究发现,炼油装置区和化工装置区总挥发性有机物(TVOC)浓度早晚高,中午低;污水处理区呈双峰趋势.3个装置区无组织排放的VOCs中烷烃浓度均占比最高,同一装置区内的不同装置VOCs排放特征不同.石化企业X/B、T/B和E/B值较城区和郊区的高,化工装置区的压缩碱洗装置区(CAW)T/B值最大.石化企业VOCs的活性较城区和郊区的强,其平均OH消耗速率常数为15.22×10^-12cm³/(mol·s),最大增量反应活性为4.21mol(O₃)/mol(VOC).化工装置区对石化企业OFP总量的贡献最高,为84.83%;其次是污水处理区,12.95%;炼油装置区最低,为2.22%.化工装置区的CAW对石化企业OFP贡献率最高,为34.26%;污水处理区的浮选池(FT)贡献率最低,为0.36%.     

Livestock mortality in pastoralist herds in Ethiopia and implications for drought response

Participatory epidemiology methods were employed retrospectively in three pastoralist regions of Ethiopia to estimate the specific causes of excess livestock mortality during drought. The results showed that starvation/dehydration accounted for between 61.5 and 100 per cent of excess livestock mortality during drought, whereas disease‐related mortality accounted for between 0 and 28.1 per cent of excess mortality. Field observations indicate that, in livestock, disease risks and mortality increase in the immediate post‐drought period, during rain. The design of livelihoods‐based drought response programmes should include protection of core livestock assets, and it should take account of the specific causes of excess livestock mortality during drought and immediately afterwards. This study shows that, when comparing livestock feed supplementation and veterinary support, relatively more aid should be directed at the former if the objective is to protect core livestock during drought. Veterinary support should consider disease‐related mortality in the immediate post‐drought period, and tailor inputs accordingly.     

Assessing the potential of crop residue recycling in China and technology options based on a bottom-up model

Crop residues are an important biomass, and are significant in the sustainable development of China. This paper uses the Grey-Markov modeling approach, the cost-benefit analysis method, and the constraint optimiza- tion method to establish the potential of crop residue recycling in China （CRRC） using a bottom-up analysis. Taking 2010 as the baseline year, the CRRC model is used to determine the quantity trends of crop residue resources, simulating the recycling potential and selecting key crop residue recycling technologies for operation between 2010 and 2030. The results illustrate that the total residue output from different crops will gradually increase to 1062 million tons in 2030. The proportion of crop residue for field burning is expected to decrease as a result of guidance and support from the government. Market mechanisms are also improving the development of the crop residue recycling industry. The economic benefit of crop residue recycling is expected to be worth 132 billion CNY in 2030 according to technology structure options. Key crop residue recycling technologies preferred such as liquefaction, amination, silo, co-firing straw power and composting will account for more than 85% of the total benefits.     

Effects of bicarbonate and cathode potential on hydrogen production in a biocathode electrolysis cell

A biocathode with microbial catalyst in place of a noble metal was successfully developed for hydrogen evolution in a microbial electrolysis cell （MEC）. The strategy for fast biocathode cultivation was demonstrated. An exoelectrogenic reaction was initially extended with an H2-full atmosphere to enrich Ha-utilizing bacteria in a MEC bioanode. This bioanode was then inversely polarized with an applied voltage in a half-cell to enrich the hydrogen-evolving biocathode. The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） kinetics of the biocathode MEC could be enhanced by increasing the bicarbonate buffer concentration from 0.05 mol·L-1 to 0.5 mol· L-1 and/or by decreasing the cathode potential from -0.9 V to - 1.3 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode （SCE）. Within the tested potential region in this study, the HER rate of the biocathode MEC was primarily influenced by the microbial catalytic capability. In addition, increasing bicarbonate concentration enhances the electric migration rate of proton carriers. As a consequence, more mass H＋ can be released to accelerate the biocathode-catalyzed HER rate. A hydrogen production rate of 8.44 m3. m 3. d1 with a current density of 951.6 A. m-3 was obtained using the biocathode MEC under a cathode potential of - 1.3 V vs. SCE and 0.4 mol· L-1 bicarbonate. This study provided information on the optimization of hydrogen production in biocathode MEC and expanded the practical applications thereof.     

黄浦江水源地沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价

为了解黄浦江上游饮用水源地沉积物中重金属的污染特征,对黄浦江干流和主要支流15个采样点的Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn含量进行检测,并对其生态风险进行评价.相比环境背景中位值,在15个样品中5种重金属含量都存在一定比例的超标现象,其中,Cd和Hg的污染相对明显;相比背景最大值,仅有Cu和Cd含量超标.采用潜在生态风险指数法和污染负荷指数法进行评价,所得出的生态风险等级均为无污染～中等污染水平,急水港近苏沪交界处、淀峰大桥、大蒸港沪浙交界处、大蒸港泖洋河交汇处、园泄泾以及五厍东一号河交界处区域生态风险较高,Cd和Hg是研究区域生态风险的主导因子.值得注意的是,黄浦江支流大蒸港和园泄泾的生态风险整体高于黄浦江干流.总体而言,黄浦江上游水源地表层沉积物中重金属污染仍处于中等以下水平.     

桂林“5.9”山体滑坡的暴雨成因分析

对造成2011年5月9日广西桂林咸水乡山体滑坡的暴雨成因进行了分析,结果表明,滑坡是由于暴雨因素诱发的地质灾害,短时强暴雨是造成山体滑坡的直接原因.大量的水汽传送到滑坡点,同时低层辐合抬升,因而滑坡点是大暴雨的发生地.滑坡发生滞后强降雨结束2.5h.滑坡点位于暴雨中心带,暴雨区位于高空急流的右侧,200h Pa为强烈辐散区,高空辐散带的走向与山脉走向一致.西南低空急流与地形的相互作用是暴雨形成的直接原因,雷达回波显示在“湘桂走廊”存在强风速的出流与横向风速梯度,对应反射率有弓状回波,同时具有前侧V形人流缺口和后侧V形下沉缺口等对流单体特征.     

DNA fragmentation,apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by sodium arsenite in cultured murine Sertoli cells: prevention by curcumin

Arsenic is a significant environmental concern worldwide, primarily due to geo physiochemical contamination of drinking water, and a major public health hazard in both developing and developed countries. The present study was aimed to investigate ameliorative effects of curcumin (Cur) against sodium arsenite (SA)-induced toxicity in cultured murine Sertoli cells. The cells were treated with SA (5 μM) and Cur (5 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml) alone or in combination for 12 hr. The SA treatment decreased cell viability, produced oxidative stress, and induced apoptosis as reflected by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, DNA fragmentation, and apoptotic cells. Moreover, the SA-induced cell cycle arrest in the cells is characterized by a rise in the number of cells in the sub G1 phase of the cell cycle. The Cur was found to be effective in reversing all these arsenic (As)-induced cellular events. Data suggest that Cur modulates As-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and cell cycle arrest through suppression of excessive ROS generation. Evidence indicates that Cur may emerge as a useful protective agent against As-induced Sertoli cells toxicity by inhibiting As-induced damage in testes.