INUNDATION TOLERANCES OF RIPARIAN WILLOWS AND COTTONWOODS1

ABSTRACT: Throughout western North America, willows and cottonwoods are dominant woody plants in riparian zones, streamside areas that are periodically flooded. This study compared tolerances of willows‐Salix discolor, S. exigua, and S. lutea‐and cottonwoods‐Populus angustifolia, P balsamifera, and P deltoides‐to water inundation, one component of stream flooding. Rooted cuttings were grown for 152 days in 10 cm tall pots in water depths from 2.5 to 10 cm (inundated). Shoot and root elongation growth of the inundated cottonwoods were reduced 23 and 45 percent, while S. lutea was relatively unaffected and the inundated sandbar willow, S. exigua, displayed 72 and 43 percent increases in shoot and root elongation. The inundation reduced transpiration in P deltoides and for mature P balsamifera trees that were flooded by a small reservoir on Willow Creek, Alberta. Those flooded trees died in their second year of inundation. The greater inundation tolerance of willows versus cottonwoods is consistent with observations along Midvale Creek, Montana, where beaver dams created a pond in which P trichocarpa died while willows thrived after five years. These patterns of inundation tolerance are consistent with elevational zones of occurrence as willows‐and particularly the sandbar willow—occur at low elevations close to the stream. The understanding of inundation tolerances should assist in the provision of hydrologic patterns that will conserve and restore these shrubs and trees along streams and could permit their establishment along artificial reservoirs.     

Marshaling Adaptive Capacities within an Adaptive Management Framework to Enhance the Resiliency of Wastewater Systems

We assess adaptive capacity and adaptive management as measures of wastewater (WW) system resiliency using data from interviews with WW system managers (hereafter managers) impacted by past storms. Results suggest the most resilient WW systems are those with high adaptive capacities that employ an adaptive management approach to make ongoing adaptation investments over time. Greater amounts of generic adaptive capacities (i.e., skilled staff and good leadership) help smooth both day‐to‐day and emergency operations and provide a foundation for adaptive management. In turn, adaptive management helps managers both build more generic adaptive capacities, and develop and employ greater amounts and diversity of specific adaptive capacities (i.e., soft and/or hard adaptations) that are especially important for enhancing and sustaining resiliency. Adaptive management also enables managers to better understand their system's vulnerabilities, how those vulnerabilities change over time, and what specific actions may reduce those vulnerabilities. Finally, our work suggests WW system resilience critically depends on the capacities of the human systems for building resilience as much as or more so than relying only on physical infrastructure resilience. Our work contributes to filling an important gap in the literature by advancing our understanding of the human dimensions of infrastructure resilience and has practical implications for advancing resilience in the WW sector.     

Heterogeneity of Hydrologic Response in Urban Watersheds1

Meierdiercks, Katherine L., James A. Smith, Mary Lynn Baeck, and Andrew J. Miller, 2010. Heterogeneity of Hydrologic Response in Urban Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1221–1237. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00487.x Abstract: The changing patterns of streamflow associated with urbanization are examined through analyses of discharge and rainfall records for the study watersheds of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES). Analyses utilize a decade (1999-2008) of observations from a dense U.S. Geological Survey stream gaging network and Hydro-NEXRAD radar rainfall fields. The principal study watershed of the BES is Gwynns Falls (171 km²). Focus is given to two Gwynns Falls basins with contrasting patterns and histories of development, Dead Run and Upper Gwynns Falls. The sharp contrasts in streamflow properties between the basins reflect the differences in urban development prior to implementation of stormwater management regulations (much of Dead Run) and development for which stormwater management is an integral part of the hydrologic system (Upper Gwynns Falls). The mean annual runoff in Dead Run (558 mm) is 35% larger than that of Upper Gwynns Falls; larger contrasts in runoff properties typify the “warm season” and are linked to storm event hydrologic response. Spatial heterogeneities in storm event response are reflected in seasonal and diurnal properties of streamflow. Analyses of storm event response are presented for June 2006, during which monthly rainfall over the BES region ranged from less than 150 to more than 500 mm. Baisman Run, the BES forest reference watershed, and Moores Run, a highly urbanized watershed in Baltimore City, provide “end-member” representations of urban impacts on streamflow.     

二元驱污水配聚黏损影响因素分析及控制方法

含油污水中活泼金属离子会对聚合物产生不同程度的降解,导致注入液的黏度损失较大。室内试验表明:水中二价铁、二价硫及硫化亚铁在溶解氧存在的情况下,均会大幅降低聚合物溶液的黏度,0.5mg/L的二价铁或二价硫、1mg/L的硫化亚铁,黏度损失在15%左右。溶解氧为5.17mg/L时,加入9mg/L的二价铁,聚合物溶液的黏度仅为5.48mPa.s,黏度损失超过95%。为减少上述因素对聚合物黏度的影响,利用陈化法、曝气法及化学氧化法等方法均能有效降低含油污水配聚过程中的黏度损失率。     

A Decade of Geomorphic and Hydraulic Response to the La Valle Dam Project,Baraboo River,Wisconsin

We investigate stream response to the La Valle Dam removal and channel reconstruction by estimating channel hydraulic parameter values and changes in sedimentation within the reservoir. The designed channel reconstruction after the dam removal included placement of a riffle structure at the former dam site. Stream surveys undertaken in 1984 by Federal Emergency Management Agency and in 2001 by Doyle et al. were supplemented with surveys in 2009 and 2011 to study the effects of the instream structure. We created a model in HEC‐RAS IV and surface maps in Surfer© using the 1984, 2009, and 2011 surveys. The HEC‐RAS IV model for 2009 channel conditions indicates that the riffle structure decreases upstream channel shear stress and velocity, causing renewed deposition of sediment within the former reservoir. We estimate by 2009, 61% of former reservoir sediments were removed during dam removal and channel reconstruction. Between 2009 and 2011 renewed sedimentation within the former reservoir represented approximately 7.85% of the original reservoir volume. The HEC‐RAS IV models show the largest impacts of the dam and riffle structure occur at flood magnitudes at or below bankfull. Thus, the riffle and the dam similarly alter channel hydraulics and sediment transport. As such, our models indicate that the La Valle Dam project was a dam replacement rather than a removal. Our results confirm that channel reconstruction method can alter channel hydraulics, geomorphology, and sediment mobility.     

A Framework to Develop Nationwide Flooding Extents Using Climate Models and Assess Forecast Potential for Flood Resilience

The methods used to simulate flood inundation extents can be significantly improved by high‐resolution spatial data captured over a large area. This paper presents a hydraulic analysis methodology and framework to estimate national‐level floodplain changes likely to be generated by climate change. The hydraulic analysis was performed using existing published Federal Emergency Management Agency 100‐year floodplains and estimated 100‐ and 10‐year return period peak flow discharges. The discharges were estimated using climate variables from global climate models for two future growth scenarios: Representative Concentration Pathways 2.6 and 8.5. River channel dimensions were developed based on existing regional United States Geological Survey publications relating bankfull discharges with channel characteristics. Mathematic relationships for channel bankfull topwidth, depth, and side slope to contributing drainage area measured at model cross sections were developed. The proposed framework can be utilized at a national level to identify critical areas for flood risk assessment. Existing hydraulic models at these “hot spots” could be repurposed for near–real‐time flood forecasting operations. Revitalizing these models for use in simulating flood scenarios in near–real time through the use of meteorological forecasts could provide useful information for first responders of flood emergencies.     

A HYDROCLIMATOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RED RWER OF THE NORTH SNOWMELT FLOOD CATASTROPHE OF 19971

ABSTRACT: The flood hydroclimatology of the Grand Forks flood of April 1997, the most costly flood on a per capita basis for a major metropolitan area in United States history, is analyzed in terms of the natural processes that control spring snowmelt flooding in the region. The geomorphological characteristics of the basin are reviewed, and an integrated assessment of the hydroclimatological conditions during the winter of 1996 to 1997 is presented to gain a real‐world understanding of the physical basis of this catastrophic flood event. The Grand Forks flood resulted from the principal flood‐producing factors occurring at either historic or extreme levels, or at levels conducive to severe flooding. Above normal fall precipitation increased the fall soil moisture storage and reduced the spring soil moisture storage potential. A concrete frost layer developed that effectively reduced the soil infiltration capacity to zero. Record snowfall totals and snow cover depths occurred across the basin because of the unusual persistence of a blocking high circulation pattern throughout the winter. A severe, late spring blizzard delayed the snowmelt season and replenished the snow cover to record levels for early April. This blizzard was followed by a sudden transition to an extreme late season thaw due to the abrupt breakdown of the blocking circulation pattern. The presence of river ice contributed to backwater effects and affected the timing of tributary inflows to the main stem of the Red River. Only the absence of spring rains prevented an even more catastrophic flood disaster from taking place. This paper contributes to our understanding of the flood hydroclimatology of catastrophic flood events in an unusual flood hazard region that possesses relatively flat terrain, a north‐flowing river, and an annual peak discharge time series dominated by spring snowmelt floods.     

A GIS‐ASSISTED DISTRIBUTED WATERSHED MODEL FOR SIMULATING FLOODING AND INUNDATION1

ABSTRACT: A distributed watershed model combining kinematic wave routing, 1‐D dynamic channel‐flow routing, and 2‐D diffusive overland‐flow routing has been developed to simulate flooding and inundation levels of large watersheds. The study watershed was linked to a GIS database and was divided into an upstream mountainous area and a downstream alluvial plain. A kinematic wave routing was adopted at the mountainous area to compute the discharge flowing into the alluvial plain. A 1‐D dynamic channel routing solving the St. Venant equations by the Preissmann method was performed for the main channel of the alluvial plain, whereas a 2‐D overland‐flow routing solving the diffusion wave equation with the Alternating Direction Explicit scheme was used for floodplains. The above two routings were connected by weir‐link discharge formula. The parameters in the model were calibrated and independently verified by single‐event storms. An example application of flooding/inundation analysis was conducted for the Taichung station and the Woozi depot (Taiwan High Speed Rail). Suggested inundation‐proofing measures ‐ including raising ground surface elevation of the station and depot and building a waterproofing exterior wall and their combination ‐ were investigated. It was concluded that building the waterproofing exterior wall had a strong tendency to decrease peak inundation depth.     

添加几种秸秆并淹水对海南土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响

利用室内培养试验研究了淹水条件下,不同种类的秸秆对退化菜地土壤修复过程中土壤N_2O和CH_4排放及其综合温室效应的影响.试验设大豆秸秆、花生秸秆、甘蔗渣、水稻秸秆和空白5个处理,试验培养条件为土壤淹水和30℃.结果表明,添加大豆秸秆、花生秸秆和水稻秸秆均能显著提高土壤的pH、有机质和速效钾含量,且能快速降低土壤氧化还原电位Eh.添加大豆秸秆、花生秸秆、甘蔗渣均能显著降低土壤N_2O的排放,其中,大豆秸秆的减排效果最佳.但添加大豆秸秆、花生秸秆、水稻秸秆会促进CH_4大量排放,从而导致综合温室效应增加.花生秸秆处理增加的综合温室效应最大,其次是水稻秸秆处理.甘蔗渣处理的综合温室效应显著低于空白,但甘蔗渣处理对土壤改良效果不佳,其不能快速创造强还原条件,未能提高pH与速效钾等.比较4种材料,添加大豆秸秆增加的综合温室效应较小,且改良土壤效果较佳,更适合作为强还原灭菌法的理想材料.     

阻截除油技术在渤西油气处理厂的应用

"阻截除油"是一种基于新理念、新材料而开发出的新型油水分离工艺。本文介绍了该新工艺的工作原理,通过对渤西油气处理厂现场采油生产含油污水(生产水)进行实际运行试验,检验了以"阻截油水分离"新技术为核心的新型含油污水处理装置在采油生产含油污水处理方面的性能,并获取了对新工艺进行适用性优化改进的经验,利于进一步对该工艺的推广应用。