Modeling Water Quantity and Sulfate Concentrations in the Devils Lake Watershed Using Coupled SWAT and CE‐QUAL‐W2

Devils Lake is an endorheic lake in the Red River of the North basin in northeastern North Dakota. During the last two decades, the lake water level has risen by nearly 10 m, causing floods that have cost more than 1 billion USD in mitigation measures. Another increase of approximately 1.5 m in the lake water level would cause spillage into the Sheyenne River. To alleviate this potentially catastrophic spillage, two artificial outlets were constructed. However, the artificial drainage of water into the Sheyenne River raises water quality concerns because the Devils Lake water contains significantly higher concentrations of dissolved solids, particularly sulfate. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was coupled with the CE‐QUAL‐W2 model to simulate both water balance and sulfate concentrations in the lake. The SWAT model performed well in simulating daily flow in tributaries with E_NS > 0.5 and |PBIAS| < 25%, and reproduced the lake water level with a root mean square error of 0.35 m for the study period from 1995 to 2014. The water temperature and sulfate concentrations simulated by CE‐QUAL‐W2 for the lake are in general agreement with the field observations. The model results show that the operation of the two outlets since August 2005 has lowered the lake level by 0.70 m. Furthermore, the models show pumping water from the two outlets raises sulfate concentrations in the Sheyenne River from ~100 to >500 mg/L. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

海上油田含油污泥对污泥-聚合物混合液性能的影响

为了回注处理海上油田含油污泥,将其与聚合物溶液混合,制备聚合物驱调剖体系。系统评价了含油污泥对污泥-聚合物混合液的溶液性能、使用性能及驱油效果的影响。实验结果表明:当含油污泥浓度小于300 mg/L时,油泥颗粒的粒径范围为0.1~100μm,d_(90)为40~60μm,污泥-聚合物混合液的黏度、抗剪切及抗老化稳定性均得到增强,注入性不受显著影响,阻力系数及残余阻力系数略有增加;当采用油泥浓度为100 mg/L的污泥-聚合物混合液进行驱油实验时,聚驱采收率增幅为7.26百分比,然而含油污泥浓度的进一步升高对提高采收率并不利。     

Assessing Effectiveness of National Flood Policy Through Spatiotemporal Monitoring of Socioeconomic Exposure1

Abstract: After a century of evolving flood policies, there has been a steady increase in flood losses, which has partly been driven by development in flood prone areas. National flood policy was revised in 1994 to focus on limiting and reducing the amount of development inside the 100‐year floodplain, with the goal of decreasing flood losses, which can be measured and quantified in terms of population and property value inside the 100‐year floodplain. Monitoring changes in these measurable indicators can inform where and how effective national floodplain management strategies have been. National flood policies are restricted to the spatial extent of the 100‐year floodplain, thus there are no development regulations to protect against flooding adjacent to this boundary. No consistent monitoring has been undertaken to examine the effect of flood policy on development immediately outside the 100‐year floodplain. We developed a standardized methodology, which leveraged national data to quantify changes in population and building tax value (exposure). We applied this approach to counties in North Carolina to assess (1) temporal changes, before and after the 1994 policy and (2) spatial changes, inside and adjacent to the 100‐year floodplain. Temporal results indicate the Piedmont and Mountain Region had limited success at reducing exposure within the 100‐year floodplain, while the Coastal Plain successfully reduced exposure. Spatially, there was a significant increase in exposure immediately outside the 100‐year floodplain throughout North Carolina. The lack of consistent monitoring has resulted in the continuation of this unintended consequence, which could be a significant driver of increased flood losses as any flood even slightly higher than the 100‐year floodplain will have a disproportionately large impact since development is outside the legal boundary of national flood policy.     

Using OpenMI and a Model MAP to Integrate WaterML2 and NetCDF Data Sources into Flood Modeling of Genoa,Italy

Extreme hydrometeorological events such as flash floods have caused considerable loss of life and damage to infrastructure over recent years. Flood events in the Mediterranean region between 1990 and 2006 caused over 4,500 fatalities and cost over €29 billion in damage, with Italy one of the worst affected countries. The Distributed Computing Infrastructure for Hydro‐Meteorology (DRIHM) project is a European initiative aiming at providing an open, fully integrated eScience environment for predicting, managing, and mitigating the risks related to such extreme weather phenomena. Incorporating both modeled and observational data sources, it enables seamless access to a set of computing resources with the objective of providing a collection of services for performing experiments with numerical models in meteorology, hydrology, and hydraulics. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how this flexible modeling architecture has been constructed using a set of standards including the NetCDF and WaterML2 file formats, in‐memory coupling with OpenMI, controlled vocabularies such as CF Standard Names, ISO19139 metadata, and a Model MAP (Metadata, Adaptors, Portability) gateway concept for preparing numerical models for standardized use. Hydraulic results, including the impact to buildings and hazards to people, are given for the use cases of the severe and fatal flash floods, which occurred in Genoa, Italy in November 2011 and October 2014.     

蒸汽抑制熄灭酒精池火有效性的模拟实验研究

蒸汽灭火系统在酒类作业场所有着广阔的应用前景.通过全淹没和局部保护实验对蒸汽抑制熄灭酒精池火的有效性进行了研究.实验结果表明,全淹方式难以有效控火,但是布局合理的局部保护方式能够有效熄灭酒精池火.蒸汽灭火过程中稀释O2浓度的灭火机理起到的作用较小,蒸汽的火焰拉伸效果是其主导灭火机理.     

Hydrologic Modeling of an Extreme Flood in the Guadalupe River in Texas1

Sharif, Hatim O., Almoutaz A. Hassan, Sazzad Bin-Shafique, Hongjie Xie, and Jon Zeitler, 2010. Hydrologic Modeling of an Extreme Flood in the Guadalupe River in Texas. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1-11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00459.x Abstract: Many of the storms creating the greatest rainfall depths in Texas, measured over durations ranging from one minute to 48 hours, have occurred in the Texas Hill Country area. The upstream portion of the Guadalupe River Basin, located in the Texas Hill Country, is susceptible to flooding and rapid runoff due to thin soils, exposed bedrock, and sparse vegetation, in addition to the Balcones Escarpment uplift contributing to precipitation enhancement. In November 2004, a moist air mass from the Gulf of Mexico combined with moist air from the Pacific Ocean resulted in the wettest November in Texas since 1895. Although the peak discharges were not the highest on record, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauge on the Guadalupe River at Gonzales, Texas reported a daily mean discharge of 2,304 m³/s on November 23, 2004 (average discharge is 53 m³/s). In this paper, we examine the meteorological conditions that led to this event and apply a two-dimensional, physically based, distributed-parameter hydrologic model to simulate the response of a portion of the basin during this event. The study results clearly demonstrate the ability of physically based, distributed-parameter simulations, driven by operational radar rainfall products, to adequately model the cumulative effect of two rainfall events and route inflows from three upstream watersheds without the need for significant calibration.     

九龙江河口潮滩湿地土壤有机碳储量、活性组分及稳定性沿淹水梯度的分布特征

淹水频率是影响河口潮滩湿地固碳潜力的关键环境因子之一.为了揭示淹水频率增加对河口潮滩湿地土壤碳动态的影响,对福建省九龙江河口潮滩剖面土壤有机碳(SOC)储量、活性有机碳组分和碳库稳定性指数CSI进行了测定与分析.结果表明,随着淹水频率的增加,SOC的储量减少54％,土壤活性有机碳组分MBC、DOC和LOC的含量亦随着淹...     

比较中审视:豫皖苏黄泛区问题研究现状与展望

豫皖苏黄泛区作为黄河距今最近的一次大泛滥产物,对此问题的研究一波三折,先后经历不同时期的低谷与高潮。至今的研究成果主要表现出四个特点：一是研究成果日益丰硕;二是研究领域渐趋平衡;三是创新研究有待加强;四是比较研究稍显不足。同时,在研究黄泛区问题时存在不同程度的理论缺失现象,理论的缺失限制了研究者们的视野和研究的进一步深入。而史料的匮乏也束缚了学者们的手脚,因此,继续挖掘史料成当务之急。研究视角的转换与多学科之间的交流还要进一步加强。     

大庆聚驱后油藏内源微生物群落结构解析与分布特征研究

利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)技术和主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)解析了大庆油田聚驱后油藏的细菌和古菌群落结构组成及分布特征.结果表明,注水井中的细菌主要以好氧的假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属为主,注水井近井地带以兼性厌氧的肠杆菌属为主,各采油井中的细菌则包括陶厄氏菌属、梭菌纲、假单胞菌属、油杆菌属及大量的未培养细菌;各注水井及注水井近井地带检测到的古菌主要是乙酸型产甲烷的甲烷鬃菌,各采油井中古菌则以甲烷微菌属、甲烷螺菌属及甲烷杆菌属等为主.总体上,该聚驱区块从注水井到采油井,细菌优势菌群依次呈好氧细菌-兼性厌氧细菌-严格厌氧细菌分布;古菌的分布受环境因素及微生物代谢产物影响,注水井和采油井中的优势菌群差异显著.     

酵母菌生物膜-水解酸化-BAF组合工艺处理高浓度三元驱废水

采用酵母菌生物膜-水解酸化-BAF生物组合工艺处理油田高浓度三元驱废水。实验结果表明:酵母菌生物膜具有降解污染物和调节水质的双重作用,可保障后续生物处理工艺的稳定运行。酵母菌生物膜、水解酸化及二级BAF的最佳HRT分别为18,12,36 h。工艺连续运行25 d,生物组合工艺对废水黏度、HPAM及COD去除率分别为80%、40%和69%。处理后出水ρ(石油类)<1 mg/L,ρ(SS)<5 mg/L,中位粒径<0.3μm,出水水质可达SY/T 5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》回注标准。